In The Apprenticeship Of Duddy Kravitz, Mordecai Richler Clearly Inten

In the Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, Mordecai Richler plainly plans to depict his principle character as a disappointment. Duddy sees completely well that a man must seek after his fantasies, which is the reason he is one of the most propelled youngster of his time. From the second Duddy hears his granddad state, A man without land is no one, he is set up to look for the place where there is his fantasies. This yearning of Duddy's is truly good, however shockingly his strategies are absolutely wrong, and that prompts him being a disappointment. The second that Duddy started to inundate himself into the foundation of his film organization, it could be seen that he was eager to successfully get cash, regardless of whether he needed to lie. For instance, the film Duddy made for the Jewish right of passage was of amazingly low quality, and thus, the item was an undeniable disappointment. Duddy himself realized that well: Duddy didn't let out the slightest peep all however the screening yet subsequently he was debilitated to his stomach. (Page 148). Afterward, Duddy said to Mr. Monk: I could sell Mr. Cohn a dead pony simpler then this heap of _ (page 148). After this specific episode, Duddy doesn't talk sincerely to his customers. All in all, the main way Duddy sells his waste movies is by lying. He generally deceives gain cash, and that is all that Duddy thinks about. Duddy has never been adored in his family, so initially he was very substance to realize that Yvette thinks about him. Toward the start, Yvette and Duddy are enamored. It's so ideal to see you lie still for once, she said. Your continually running or hopping or scratching. Duddy was astounded and complimented to find that anybody sufficiently minded to watch him so intently. (Page 92) As time cruised by, in any case, Duddy started to utilize Yvette as an instrument. The principle explanation behind that is Duddy was endeavoring to get the land, and since he couldn't legitimately possess it as a minor, he utilized Yvette to go about as a nonentity in his buy. This treatment of Yvette, joined with her breaking attaches with her family because of Duddy being a Jew, is the thing that ruins their relationship. As Yvette states: My sibling discovered I'm living with you...I won't have the option to see my folks once more. (Page 218). Virgil is another kind of casualty that Duddy exploits, because of his physical handicaps. This can be seen when Duddy takes the pirated pinball machines from Virgil. Duddy swindles him out of the cash for the machines by giving him a truck and a vocation that takes care of the expense of the truck. Notwithstanding, the expense of the truck was lower than the expense of the pinball machine. Another way Duddy exploit Virgil is by taking cash out of his ledger for the land Duddy investigated Virgil's bank balance, whistled, noticed his record number and tore out two checks. He fashioned the mark by holding the check and a letter Virgil had joined to the window and following gradually. (Page 304) Duddy utilizes other terrible handicap as simply another appropriate method to progress to his own objectives. Taking everything into account, Duddy has clearly picked an inappropriate sort of man to become, which prompts his apprenticeship being a disappointment. He has decided to turn into an abnormal individual, lying to Mr. Cohn, Virgil, and Yvette. He exploits Yvette only for her property, and he exploits Virgil because of his incapacities. Duddy can be viewed as a degenerate and savage man. It is absolutely disastrous that he picked an inappropriate way at a youthful age, and kept moving along that way. He winds up being viewed as a disappointment. List of sources Richler, Mordecai. The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz. Penguin Books: Toronto, 1984.

Free Essays on Controversial Television Adversting

Dubious Television Advertising TV ads advancing immaculate self-perceptions energize the consistent battle of ladies to accomplish the ideal body. Has our country been misled by the media? Notices have a huge impact in our way of life; notwithstanding, the pictures that are utilized in many promotions are more dream than the real world. They depict excellent, dainty individuals making some great memories with whatever item they are attempting to sell. The media realize that TV and radio projects are basically fillers for the space between plugs (Kilbourne, 1999). They realize that the projects that succeed are the ones that convey the most noteworthy number of individuals to the publicists. From earliest stages on, we get an alluring and ceaseless message from promotions †items are mystical and can satisfy our fantasies (Kilbourne, 1999). Publicizing is intended to sell items. All the while, ads likewise sell goals and impart ideas of satisfactory conduct and sex jobs. With the consistent reiteration and openness it is an amazing medium. When little youngsters arrive at immaturity, they have abandoned children’s programming for progressively grown-up arranged material. Despite the fact that their media assets grow past TV to incorporate films, music, and high schooler magazines, TV promoting is the most conspicuous in their day by day lives. With this comes expanded introduction to media messages, including those sent through promoting. At an age where little youngsters start to rethink themselves, the media regularly sends them messages that could restrain their goals, sabotage their self-esteem and jeopardize their wellbeing. It is likewise imperative to c onsider the enormous number of notices demonstrated every day. On the off chance that you sit in front of the TV for one hour daily, you will undoubtedly observe a similar business during each business break, or very nearly 6 times each hour. For individuals who sit in front of the TV for over one hour out of each day, that number goes up. In the normal American home,... Free Essays on Controversial Television Adversting Free Essays on Controversial Television Adversting Questionable Television Advertising TV notices advancing flawless self-perceptions empower the consistent battle of ladies to accomplish the ideal body. Has our country been beguiled by the media? Notices have a huge influence in our way of life; nonetheless, the pictures that are utilized in many ads are more dream than the real world. They depict lovely, dainty individuals making some great memories with whatever item they are attempting to sell. The media realize that TV and radio projects are just fillers for the space between ads (Kilbourne, 1999). They realize that the projects that succeed are the ones that convey the most noteworthy number of individuals to the sponsors. From early stages on, we get an enticing and ceaseless message from advertisements †items are mysterious and can satisfy our fantasies (Kilbourne, 1999). Promoting is intended to sell items. All the while, ads likewise sell yearnings and impart ideas of satisfactory conduct and sexual orientation jobs. With the consistent reiteration and availability it is an amazing medium. When little youngsters arrive at youth, they have abandoned children’s programming for progressively grown-up arranged material. In spite of the fact that their media assets extend past TV to incorporate films, music, and adolescent magazines, TV publicizing is the most noticeable in their every day lives. With this comes expanded presentation to media messages, including those sent through publicizing. At an age where little youngsters start to reclassify themselves, the media frequently sends them messages that could confine their desires, subvert their self-esteem and imperil their wellbeing. It is additionally imperative to consider the gigantic number of ads indicated every day. In the event that you stare at the TV for one hour daily, you will undoubtedly observe a similar business during each business break, or very nearly 6 times each hour. For individuals who stare at the TV for over one hour out of each day, that number goes up. In the normal American home,...

Free Essay Topic Consultations, This Weekend Only at the Long Island National College Fair! - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

Free Essay Topic Consultations, This Weekend Only at the Long Island National College Fair! - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts Free Essay Topic Consultations, This Weekend Only at the Long Island National College Fair! Free Essay Topic Consultations, This Weekend Only at the Long Island National College Fair! Attention Long Island college applicants! This coming Sunday, October 6, from 11:00am-3:00pm, the National Association for College Admissions Counseling (NACAC) will be hosting a national college fair at the  Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. Even in the age of the glorious, all-knowing internet, it can be hard to find the answers to all of your college-oriented questions when you need them   which is  why this  wonderful forum that brings college representatives  and counselors, and  application experts together in one  place  is an absolute lifesaver. Visit the booths of hundreds of accredited colleges, check in with the college Resource Center, and, of course, get some one-on-one help with your  college essays from College Essay Advisors. CEA representatives will be at the fair all day to help students plan for all of  their essay advising needs. Call to reserve a free, one-on-one, ten-minute consultation, or simply find CEA Founder and Chief Advisor Stacey Brook walking the floor in her mint green jacket, and tap her on the shoulder for some expert advice.  . CEA  aims to be a helpful resource as deadlines loom ever closer, so give us a ring, come say hello, and let’s get those essays in the bag.  Preference will be given to students who call in advance, and appointments are limited, so reserve your spot today! For more information about how College Essay Advisors can help with the college essay process, or to set up your ten-minute consultation,  call us at 347-927-9CEA (9232) or  send us a message via our contact form  on CollegeEssayAdvisors.com. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

Get Research Experience to Get Into Graduate School

Applicants to graduate school encounter fierce competition for admission and funding in todays competitive market. How can you increase your odds of acceptance, and better yet, funding? Get research experience by assisting a faculty member to conduct his or her research. As a research assistant, youll have an exciting opportunity to do the research rather than just read about it -- and get important experience that will make you stand out in the graduate admissions pile. Why Become a Research Assistant? Aside from the thrill of generating new knowledge, assisting a professor with research provides many other valuable opportunities including: Gaining skills and knowledge that arent easily learned in the classroomWorking one-on-one with a faculty memberExposure to methods and techniques that will help you complete your research and dissertation.Get writing and public speaking practice by submitting papers to professional conferences and journalsDevelop a mentoring relationship with a faculty memberGet outstanding letters of recommendation Engaging in research is a worthwhile experience, regardless of whether you choose to attend graduate school, because it provides you with the opportunity to think, organize information, and demonstrate your commitment, reliability, and capacity for research. What Does a Research Assistant Do? What will be expected of you as a research assistant? Your experience will vary by the faculty member, project, and discipline. Some assistants might administer surveys, maintain and operate lab equipment, or care for animals. Others might code and enter data, make photocopies, or write literature reviews. What general tasks can you expect? Collect data by administering surveys, interviews, or running research protocolsScore, code, and enter data into a spreadsheet or statistical analysis programConduct general library research including literature searches, making copies of articles, and ordering unavailable articles and books through interlibrary loanDevelop new research ideasUse computer skills such as word processing, spreadsheet, scheduling, and statistical analysis programsAssist in preparing submissions for local or regional conferences and, if accepted, work on a poster or oral presentations for professional conferencesAssist faculty in preparing a manuscript to submit the results of your collaborative research to a scientific journal So, youre convinced of the value of research experience to your  graduate school application. Now what? How Do You Get Involved as a Research Assistant?   First and foremost, you should perform well in class, and be motivated and visible in your department. Let the faculty know that youre interested in getting involved in research. Approach faculty during office hours and ask for leads on who might be looking for  research assistants. When you find a faculty member who is looking for an assistant, carefully and honestly describe what you can offer (computer skills, Internet skills, statistical skills, and the number of hours per week youre available). Let the faculty member know that youre willing to work hard (be honest!). Ask about specific requirements such as the duration of the project, what your responsibilities will be, and the length of commitment (a semester or a year?). Remember that while you might not find anyone working on a project that you find fascinating, you will obtain excellent experience; besides your interests most likely will change as you gain more experience and education. Benefits for Faculty Youre now aware that there are many benefits to getting involved in research. Did you know that there are benefits for faculty too? They get a hardworking student to do some labor-intensive parts of research. Faculty often depend on students to further their research programs. Many  faculty  members  have ideas for studies that they dont have time to conduct --  motivated students  can pick up projects and help to further  faculty research programs. If you develop a relationship with a faculty member, you might be able to help him or her conduct a project that may otherwise remain shelved for lack of time. Involving undergraduates in research also offers the opportunity for faculty to witness a students professional growth, which can be quite rewarding. As you can see, student-professor research relationships offer benefits to all involved; however, the commitment to become a research assistant is a big one. Its your responsibility to ensure that aspects of the research project get done. The faculty member will count on you to get it done right. Your performance here can give faculty members lots of good things to write in letters of recommendation. If you complete tasks competently, you might be asked to take on more responsibility and you will earn excellent letters of recommendation. However, there is a positive payoff from conducting research with faculty only if you perform competent work consistently. If you dont take the commitment seriously, are unreliable, or make repeated mistakes, your relationship with the faculty member will suffer (as will your recommendation). If you decide to work with a faculty member on his or her research, treat it as a primary responsibility -- and reap the rewards.

Stephanie Chappell Disbrow Wikipedia Profile - 881 Words

Stephanie Chappell Disbrow: Wikipedia Profile Stephanie Chappell Disbrow is a veteran talent acquisition specialist and recruiter who has provided her services in various states around the country. She has worked in both the information technology and medical/pharmaceutical fields, finding and filling employment opportunities for large businesses. Disbrow was born and raised in Clarksville, Virginia, in an area called Buggs Island Lake (formerly known as Kerr Lake). She remained here throughout her childhood and formative years until leaving for college at the age of eighteen. She attended East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. While in attendance, Disbrow studied Business Administration. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1998, before relocating to Raleigh, North Carolina to live and work. Her first employer in the talent acquisition/recruiting industry was Teksystems (also known as Aerotek). During her 1999 to 2001 tenure with this corporation, she was responsible for recruiting, vetting, and hiring information technology staff for the business. She oversaw the entire hiring process, and was recognized for her achievements in hiring. In the fall of 2001, Stephanie Chappell Disbrow took her talent acquisition/recruitment knowledge into the medical field when she was brought on board with Sterling Healthcare. As a Client Service Representative Supervisor, she was responsible for a small staff of lower level recruiters. Through her time here,

Winning the Nguyen Thuong Hien Prize Free Essays

You wont know what challenges come to your life in the future so you can only think what you had been through in the past. When I was a student in High School, I was a shy person; Just doing what my parents wanted me to do and never cared about what was happening around me until I was encouraged to participate in a contest. The Unguent Thong Hein Prize In presentation was the most Important event that changed my life. We will write a custom essay sample on Winning the Nguyen Thuong Hien Prize or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I studied at 12th grade, I was a shy student, and I rarely open up to people. My teacher was frustrated about possibility of my collective activity in class. I thought that a good student Just had to get high score on my test, doing all my homework, and don’t need to take extracurricular activities. These of things affect my school life, my teacher recognized that, and he advised me to change Into more confident person, and he recommended me the contest of Unguent Thong Helen prize where I had the opportunity to become an outgoing person. I thought about what my teacher said to me when I came home, I ally wanted to become an active person and submitted an application to the organizers of this contest. My teacher and friends helped me to transform from a shy person to an outgoing person. My teacher instructed me how to overcome the fears that I have to face the crowd and advised me to practice many times in front of my classmates. My classmates also gave me advice how to improve so that I could do better when I practiced with them. In the contest, I did my speech. My presentation talked about friendship. After I finished presentation its implementation, I was reprise when the judges announced that I won the contest. I was so glad I have overcome fear to complete my speech smoothly. In conclusion, joining Unguent Thong Hein prize was a turning point made me into an adult’s person. The prize helps me recognize that I’m more confident than the past; I’m starting to look after everyone around me. When I believe in myself, I can do anything what I want. That’s why I decided to go to The United State to study after I graduated in my high school. Winning the Unguent Thong Hein Prize By Tom-cleverly Life is not simple. You won’t know what challenges come to your life in the future so participate in a contest. The Unguent Thong Hein Prize in presentation was the most important event that changed my life. When I studied at 12th grade, I was a shy advised me to change into more confident person, and he recommended me the contest of Unguent Thong Hein prize where I had the opportunity to become an surprise when the Judges announced that I won the contest. I was so glad I have overcome fear to complete my speech smoothly. How to cite Winning the Nguyen Thuong Hien Prize, Papers

Robotics Essay Example

Robotics Essay Introduction Robotics has revolutionized the way industries operate, the way items are built, and the way society lives. Robotics is a fairly new technological advance that has made lives easier, and has provided a breakthrough for many operations and businesses. In a way, robotics is the future for businesses as well as the future of mankind. Like any other type of technology, robotics can be used in various industries, has advantages and disadvantages, and has a long history of how it came about. There are many aspects of robotics to be considered which include educational fields that one can choose, and the types of applications and industries robotics is found in. Safety is an important concept and part of robotics, especially because of its complexity. Being well educated in the field of robotics can play an important role on safety as well. This field can greatly reduce the workload and can increase the productivity in many companies, no matter how big or small. Robotics is the future, and embracing it will help in the future success of businesses. History of Robotics The actual word robot was made popular by an author in his 1921 play. This author claims that his brother was the inventor of the word, which comes from the Czech word â€Å"robota† meaning servitude. Robots were first used in factories such as industrial companies, where these would fix machines in order to handle manufacturing tasks that facilitated the production and assisted humans in their everyday tasks. Robots such as industrial robots that used artificial intelligence have actually been around since the 60’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After the 1950’s computers along with robotics started to increase in popularity as well as complexity and numbers as technology also began to advance. In 1961, the first industrial robot was built to work on the General Motors assembly line, and this machine was conceived in 1954 by George Devol and was called Unimate. The name was given because the robot was manufactured by a company called Unimation. Unimate is to this day remembered as the first industrial robot ever built. After the first robot was built, many others started to come around, and in 1971 the first icroprocessor called 4004 was created by Ted Hoff at Intel. Many other creations began to follow such as programming language called Prolog, which became the basic language in the field of artificial intelligence, then came the first industrial robot with six electromechanic axes, then the silver arm, capable of replicating human hands. Currently, robots are used to monitor outer space. In April of 2001, the Canad arm2, which was attached to the space station, was launched into orbit. This robot was a much larger and more capable version of a previously used arm. Another break though in the robotics field made it to stores in 2002. The Roomba, a robotic vacuum cleaner manufactured by the company iRobot became quite popular during this time. The most recent robotic creation was the Robonaut 2, which is the latest generation of astronaut helpers that was launched into the space station on the STS-133 mission. This is the first humanoid robot in space. Some of its features included showing engineers how robots actually behave in space so they could work on upgrades and possible advances that would assist spacewalkers perform their scientific work. Google also came out with robotic vehicles, called Google driveless cars, which became famous in 2010. These robotic vehicles had drivers behind the wheels in case of an emergency, and drove to various places while taking pictures of their surroundings. Unimate Google Images4004 Google Images Canadarm2 Google ImagesThe Roomba Google Images Robonaut 2 Google ImagesGoogle’s Driveless Car Google Images Advantages Robotics as any other industry and profession has advantages and disadvantages. Business decisions usually come with pros and cons especially when it coms to automating the rocess of production by using industrial robots. Companies need to first take time and consider all the facts before deciding to add robots to their departments, especially when these can bring advantages and disadvantages in the process. Some of the advantages that robots can bring to companies is the fact that the quality of work is excellent. Industrial robots have the capabilities to improve the quality of production. Some of the applications performed by robots are more precise than those performed by humans and are more consistent in their quality as well. This igh level of quality and consistency is harder to obtain in any other way besides using robots. In production of products by using robots the speed of their outputs has a dramatic impact in the overall production of products. Robots are built to work at constant speeds without needing sleep, vacations, breaks, and they even produce more than any human worker. Safety is one of the other advantages found in the use of robots. Robots increase the safety in the workplace as these can perform in dangerous environments and hazardous settings, giving the opportunity to umans to move the supervisory roles and away from hazardous environments. Robots also have the advantage of proving savings for companies. Being able to provide a safe workplace, robots can bring financial savings to companies as these will incur less worke r compensation fees, no healthcare or insurance payments, and robots also perform at higher levels with a fraction of the effort. Disadvantages Robots also have disadvantages that need to be considered. Investing in a robot can be costly, especially if the business owner has a budget to work with. The cost of automating the roduction by using robots needs to be calculated into the business’ financial budget. The maintenance of the robot should also be calculated to avoid future surprises or bills. When it comes to robots, programming and interaction are required, as with new employees hiring and training is also a requirement. This programming and interaction can become costly depending on the time invested. Robots can also provide a safe work setting for employees, as they take the place of them in hazardous settings, but they can also bring safety problems. Their only presence can be the cause of hazard for workers as well. Advantages |Disadvantages | |You can send them to very dangerous places |You need to get people trained to fix them if anything wrong | | |happens | |You can make them do youre job for you |Need a very intelligent crew | |They are more accurate than humans Eg no shaking when in a |They can ruin peoples lives Eg Take their job away from them | |very important surgery, puts every screw in fabricating a car| | |etc. | |Can do jobs 24/7 |They are very expensive to make | |Can guard without being tired just keep doing the same thing |You need the right materials to make them, that could be very| |24/7 |rare | |No need of nutrients |If you make a very amazing robot with amazing quality and it | | |brakes, it might be very hard to fix | |You can program them to make them do exactly what you want |They can be very hard to program | |them to do | | |They can not harm you unless they are programmed to |They can reproduce but it could cost money for the materials | |Can work with out doubts Eg when you think what do i do |They can repr oduce but it could cost money for the materials | |now? | |They can lift very heavy things |You need highly trained people to make them | | |They can not recharge themselves | (Advantages and disadvantages, ). Industries Robotics falls into three major industries including manufacturing, service and defense. These industries will also generate jobs such as technical engineering, software, testing and many others. Because robotics is such a complex field, and no one person can manage knowing every aspect of it, this is known to be a collaborative field. Basically, robotics requires a lot of team work and discipline to achieve all the required tasks in providing a successful product. This is a great advantage as segments of robotics seem to be growing fast. One industry in particular as been the service industry, which has seen tremendous growth over the last decade. Robots are being used more frequently in manufacturing, where these help create jobs. Robots also help control quality of products and maintain that quality high. Currently, the highest percentage of robotics is seen in the United States, where about 60 percent of the service industry and 80 percent of the military industry are located. The largest manufacturers of robotics, however, are still in Germany and Japan. Service Industry Google ImagesMilitary Industry Google Images Robotics and Education Currently the robotics industry is growing rapidly, and if people do not already own a robot, they will very soon. This industry is growing in various ways such as size and sales, as well as creating growth around itself. It has been found in recent research that the robotics industry is expected to generate over one million new jobs over the next five years. One great way to get involved in the field of robotics is to sign up for the First Robotics Competition. This is a good first step, especially for those under 18 years of age. By getting involved in the competition, you can learn every aspect of robotics, the different product life cycles, and also gain experience in the field. College is another great way to learn about robotics, as many institutions offer classes and degrees in robotics. Robotics is a very complex field, and it as multiple industries that it’s a part of. The robotics industry can offer employment to a wide range of people, even if their specialties do not include a degree in this field. Many people who have science degrees, physics, or even electronics degrees are employed in the field of robotics. Software is a part of robots that is not usually visible, yet engineers that design these software are very important and there are many jobs available for them. The future will be driven by software designers, and those who specialize in computer science. If one is passionate about robotics, it is recommended to take a course in a robotics elated field to learn more, and to find the different paths you can take in this field. By doing so, one can meet other people interested in robotics and share ideas and interests. Some universities do not offer specific robotics courses, but you can learn about robotics by taking engineering classes as well. Som e of the subjects that will allow you to learn more about robotics include computer science, mechanical engineering, and electronics engineering. It is always a good idea to spend time taking small courses to see if this field is the right career path, instead of diving into a three to four year degree without being sure it’s the right choice. Careers in Robotics | |Robot Service Engineer | |As a service engineer you would be responsible for installing, maintaining and fixing any faults with the robots. | |Qualifications: Often offered as a modern apprenticeship (Requiring GCSEs), a BTEC in electronics or an A-level in an engineering related | |subject. | |Product Consultant / Demonstrator | |If you are confident in presenting in front of a group then this job may be perfect for you. You would be required to learn everything | |about a companies and demonstrate it to a group of potential customers. | |Qualifications: This would depend on the specific company. If presenting is the primary role, an A-level in English would be beneficial. | | |Research Assistant | |If you are passionate about developing new robot technology and can demonstrate good analytical and practical skills you may be ideal for | |research. | |Qualifications: A-level, Higher education certificate, Degree or Masters in an engineering related subject. | Safety Working with robots will become more and more common, whether at home or in the workplace. With new developments in the robotics field, one of the problems that engineers are facing is safety. Safety is a concern that every industry has with their employees, and is now becoming a concern with robotics as well. One of the solutions that have arise regarding safety has been to prevent the user from coming into contact with the robot by using physical barriers to do so. While studying robot-human interaction, which is known as HRI, it has been found that removing these barriers will allow people to and robots to work together and cooperate in order to perform the required tasks. Robot systems that are able to perform HRI tasks will be considered as being safety-critical complex systems because of their size, behavior, functionality, and can even cause damage to their surroundings and to their operators. One of the objective when it comes to designing robots is to have the engineers work to achieve safety. Even if engineers design a safe robot, it an be hard to prove its safety by merely testing it. The Future of Robotics One aspect in which robotics has revolutionized the way we live has been the invention of the mobil phone. This invention changed the communication industry when it was introduced in the early 90’s. This simple device has sparked demand for wireless communication as well as portability in other devices. Knowing how robotics has changed the way we communicate, it can be predicted that robotics will have a great impact on the future as way especially in the areas of battery life and weight, artificial intelligence, and swarm robotics. Battery life is essential for mobil devices, and it can be seen as it is the largest part of the device, and the heaviest. In the uture, power sources will be reduced to allow a smaller device with longer battery life. The second area in which robotics will impact is artificial intelligence, or AI. So far many advances have been made in this field, but there is still much to be done. Currently, AI systems have been created to generate logic routine s at basic levels. In the future, AI software may be able to think or even act like humans. Swarm robotics is the last important area, and it refers to controlling multiple cooperating robots. This basically means that multiple robots will be able to do various tasks and at the same time be cooperating directly or indirectly to complete that task. This will help in employee a large amount of robots to complete one major task. Mobil Devices Google Images Artificial Intelligence Google Images Swarm Robotics Google Images Robots vs. Humans Robots are known to have skills that cannot be matched by humans. In some cases, robots perform one function, but in others robots can take on various tasks that will take the place of several employees. One good example is how electric shavers used to be assembled in the old days, by using hundreds of factory workers who perform this task by using only their hands. Now, these same tasks are performed by robot hands. These robots can perform the work at igher speeds than humans can, three sifts a day, 365 days a year, and without vacation, breaks, or sick days. The future of business is in robotics. Companies are now wanting to work with the robotics systems that electronics giants such as Apple are currently using. Because robots are coming down in price, and at the same time growing in sophis tication, it is believed that jobs will be lost. The success of robotics has jeopardized many jobs as so many tasks can be performed at a fraction of the time, higher quality, and at a fraction of the price. Even robot manufacturers have stated that in several applications robots are already more cost-effective than people. One ay to show this was seen in a company where a $250,000 robot replaced two machine operators, making $50,000 per year, and over the 15-year life of the system, the machines yielded $3. 5 million in labor and productivity savings. Robots are known for being a faster assembly line, and this is one of the main reasons they have been replacing so many factory workers, and giving companies more of a competitive advantage and savings. Conclusion Robotics has become a great part of society’s lives, and has even become essential in developing specialized tasks that need the constancy and preciseness of robots. Handling certain tasks could take excess amount of money and time that if performed by humans alone could ruin ompanies as they would not be competitive in the market. Robots provide us with the assistance needed to get the job done faster, and in a more productive way. This is the future and being a part of it makes it definitely better. References Wikipedia. (n. d. ). History of robots. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_robots Robotics careers and education. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. razorrobotics. com/careers-and-education/ Future of robotics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. razorrobotics. com/future-of-robotics/ Robot safety. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. razorrobotics. com/safety/ PLATT , J. R. (n. d. ). The real steel: Robotics careers ready to boom. Retrieved from http://www. todaysengineer. org/2012/Feb/career-focus. asp Advantages and disadvantages of robotics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http:// 14wo. qataracademy. wikispaces. net/Advantages and disadvantages of robotics Advantages and disadvantages of automating with industrial robots. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. robots. com/blog/viewing/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-automating-with- industrial-robots MARKOFF, J. (n. d. ). Skilled work, without the worker. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/ 2012/08/19/business/new-wave-of-adept-robots-is-changing-global-industry. html? pagewanted=all=0 Robotics Essay Example Robotics Essay The  Shadow robot hand  system Robotics  is the branch of  technology  that deals with the design, construction, operation, development and application of  robots  [1]  and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans, in dangerous or manufacturing processes, or simply just resemble humans. Many of todays robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of  bio-inspired robotics. The concept in creation of machines that could operate autonomously dates back to  classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. [2]  Throughout history, robotics has been often seen to mimic human behavior, and often manage tasks in a similar fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue, research, design, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether  domestically,  commercially, or  militarily. Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, exploring shipwrecks, and mines. Contents  Ã‚  [hide]   * 1  Etymology * 2  Components * 2. 1  Power source * 2. 2  Actuation * 2. 3  Sensing * 2. 4  Manipulation * 2. 5  Locomotion * 2. 6  Environmental interaction and navigation * 2. 7  Human-robot interaction * 3  Control * 3. 1  Autonomy levels * 4  Robotics research * 4. 1  Dynamics and kinematics * 5  Education and training * 5. 1  Career training * 5. 2  Certification * 5.   Summer robotics camp * 5. 4  Robotics afterschool programs * 6  Employment * 7  See also * 8  References * 9  Bibliography * 10  Further reading * 11  External links| - [edit]Etymology The word  robotics  was derived from the word  robot, which was introduced to the public by  Czech  writer  Karel Capek  in his play  R. U. R. (Rossums Universal Robots), which premiered in 1921. [3]The word  robot  comes from the S lavic word  robota, which is used to refer forced labor. According to he  Oxford English Dictionary, the word  robotics  was first used in print by  Isaac Asimov, in his  science fiction  short story Liar! , published in May 1941 in  Astounding Science Fiction. Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term; since the science and technology of electrical devices is  electronics, he assumed  robotics  already referred to the science and technology of robots. In some of Asimovs other works, he states that the first use of the word  robotics  was in his short story  Runaround  (Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942). 4][5]  However, the original publication of Liar! predates that of Runaround by five months, so the former is generally cited as the words origin. The word  robot  was introduced to the public by the  Czech  writer  Karel Capek  in his play  R. U. R. (Rossums Universal Robots), published in 1920. [3]  The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called  robots  creatures who can be mistaken for humans – though they are closer to the modern ideas of  androids. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Karel Capek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an  etymology  in the  Oxford English Dictionary  in which he named his brother  Josef Capek  as its actual originator. [3] In 1927 the  Maschinenmensch  (machine-human)  gynoid  humanoid robot  (also called Parody, Futura, Robotrix, or the Maria impersonator) was the first and perhaps the most memorable depiction of a robot ever to appear on film was played by German actress  Brigitte Helm  in  Fritz Langs  film  Metropolis. In 1942 the science fiction writer  Isaac Asimov  formulated his  Three Laws of Robotics  and, in the process of doing so, coined the word robotics (see details in Etymology section above). In 1948  Norbert Wiener  formulated the principles of  cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics. Fully  autonomous robots  only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the  Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial and  industrial robots  are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, or more accurately and reliably, than humans. They are also employed in jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in  manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods. [6] Date| Significance| Robot Name| Inventor| Third century B. C. nd earlier| One of the earliest descriptions of automata appears in the  Lie Zi  text, on a much earlier encounter between  King Mu of Zhou(1023–957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an artificer. The latter allegedly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork. [7]| | Yan Shi| First century A. D. and earlier| Descriptions of more than 100 machines and automata, including a fire engine, a wind o rgan, a coin-operated machine, and a steam-powered engine, in  Pneumatica  and  Automata  by  Heron of Alexandria| | Ctesibius,  Philo of Byzantium, Heron of Alexandria, and others| c. 20 B. C. E| A wooden, steam propelled bird, which was able to fly| | Archytas of Tarentum| 1206| Created early humanoid automata, programmable automaton band[8]| Robot band, hand-washing automaton,[9]  automated moving peacocks[10]| Al-Jazari| 1495| Designs for a humanoid robot| Mechanical knight| Leonardo da Vinci| 1738| Mechanical duck that was able to eat, flap its wings, and excrete| Digesting Duck| Jacques de Vaucanson| 1898| Nikola Tesla demonstrates first radio-controlled vessel. Teleautomaton| Nikola Tesla| 1921| First fictional automatons called robots appear in the play  R. U. R. | Rossums Universal Robots| Karel Capek| 1930s| Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940  Worlds Fairs| Elektro| Westinghouse Electric Corporation| 1948| Simple robots exhibiting biological be haviors[11]| Elsie and Elmer| William Grey Walter| 1956| First commercial robot, from the Unimation company founded by  George Devol  and  Joseph Engelberger, based on Devols patents[12]| Unimate| George Devol| 1961| First installed industrial robot. Unimate| George Devol| 1973| First  industrial robot  with six electromechanically driven axes[13][14]| Famulus| KUKA Robot Group| 1974| The world’s first  microcomputer  controlled electric industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA, was delivered to a small mechanical engineering company in southern Sweden. The design of this robot had been patented already 1972. | IRB 6| ABB Robot Group| 1975| Programmable universal manipulation arm, a Unimation roduct| PUMA| Victor Scheinman| 2004| Launch of IRC5, which set new standards with its modular concept, a completely new ergonomically-designed  Windows CEinterface unit (touch screen) to speed up programming. | IRC5| ABB Robot Group| - [edit]Components [edit]Power source Furthe r information:  Power supply  and  Energy storage At present mostly (lead-acid)  batteries  are used as a power source. Many different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They range from lead acid batteries which are safe and have relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy to silver cadmium batteries that are much smaller in volume and are currently much more expensive. Designing a battery powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety, cycle lifetime and weight. Generators, often some type of internal combustion engine, can also be used. However, such designs are often mechanically complex and need fuel, require heat dissipation and are relatively heavy. A tether connecting the robot to a power supply would remove the power supply from the robot entirely. This has the advantage of saving weight and space by moving all power generation and storage components elsewhere. However, this design does come with the drawback of constantly having a cable connected to the robot, which can be difficult to manage. [15]  Potential power sources could be: * pneumatic  (compressed gases) * hydraulics  (liquids) * flywheel energy storage * organic garbage (through  anaerobic digestion) faeces (human, animal); may be interesting in a military context as faeces of small combat groups may be reused for the energy requirements of the robot assistant (see DEKAs project Slingshot Stirling engine on how the system would operate) [edit]Actuation Main article:  Actuator A robotic leg powered by  air muscles Actuators are like the muscles of a robot, the parts which convert  stored energy  into movement. By far the most popular actuators are el ectric motors that spin a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories. But there are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air. [edit]Electric motors Main article:  Electric motor The vast majority of robots use electric motors, often brushed and brushless DC motors in portable robots or AC motors in industrial robots and  CNCmachines. These motors are often preferred in systems with lighter loads, and where the predominant form of motion is rotational. [edit]Linear actuators Main article:  Linear actuator Various types of linear actuators move in and out instead of by spinning, and often have quicker direction changes, particularly when very large forces are needed such as with industrial robotics. They are typically powered by compressed air (pneumatic actuator) or an oil (hydraulic actuator). [edit]Series elastic actuators Main article:  Series elastic actuator A  spring  can be designed as part of the motor actuator, to allow improved force control. It has been used in various robots, particularly walkinghumanoid  robots. [16] [edit]Air muscles Main article:  Pneumatic artificial muscles Pneumatic artificial muscles, also known as air muscles, are special tubes that contract (typically up to 40%) when air is forced inside them. They have been used for some robot applications. [17][18] [edit]Muscle wire Main article:  Shape memory alloy Muscle wire, also known as Shape Memory Alloy, Nitinol or Flexinol Wire, is a material that contracts slightly (typically under 5%) when electricity runs through it. They have been used for some small robot applications. [19][20] [edit]Electroactive polymers Main article:  Electroactive polymers EAPs or EPAMs are a new plastic material that can contract substantially (up to 380% activation strain) from electricity, and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots,[21]and to allow new robots to float,[22]  fly, swim or walk. [23] [edit]Piezo motors Main article:  Piezoelectric motor Recent alternatives to DC motors are  piezo motors  or  ultrasonic motors. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny  piezoceramic  elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion. There are different mechanisms of operation; one type uses the vibration of the piezo elements to walk the motor in a circle or a straight line. [24]  Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate and drive a screw. The advantages of these motors are  nanometer  resolution, speed, and available force for their size. [25]  These motors are already available commercially, and being used on some robots. [26][27] [edit]Elastic nanotubes Further information:  Nanotube Elastic nanotubes are a promising artificial muscle technology in early-stage experimental development. The absence of defects in  carbon nanotubes  enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent, with energy storage levels of perhaps 10  J/cm3  for metal nanotubes. Human biceps could be replaced with an 8  mm diameter wire of this material. Such compact muscle might allow future robots to outrun and outjump humans. [28] [edit]Sensing Main article:  Robotic sensing Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of measurements, to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and to provide real time information of the task it is performing. [edit]Touch Main article:  Tactile sensor Current  robotic  and  prosthetic hands  receive far less  tactile  information than the human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile sensor array that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips. 29][30]  The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin. Electrodes are mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance-measuring device within the core. When the artificial skin touches an object the fluid path around the electrodes is deformed, producing impedance changes that map the forces received f rom the object. The researchers expect that an important function of such artificial fingertips will be adjusting robotic grip on held objects. Scientists from several  European countries  and  Israel  developed a  prosthetic  hand in 2009, called SmartHand, which functions like a real one—allowing patients to write with it, type on akeyboard, play piano and perform other fine movements. The prosthesis has sensors which enable the patient to sense real feeling in its fingertips. [31] [edit]Vision Main article:  Computer vision Computer vision  is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences and views from cameras. In most practical computer vision applications, the computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common. Computer vision systems rely on image sensors which detect electromagnetic radiation which is typically in the form of either  visible light  or  infra-red light. The sensors are designed using  solid-state physics. The process by which light propagates and reflects off surfaces is explained using  optics. Sophisticated image sensors even require  quantum mechanics  to provide a complete understanding of the image formation process. Robots can also be equipped with multiple vision sensors to be better able to compute the sense of depth in the environment. Like human eyes, robots eyes must also be able to focus on a particular area of interest, and also adjust to variations in light intensities. There is a subfield within computer vision where artificial systems are designed to mimic the processing and behavior of  biological system, at different levels of complexity. Also, some of the learning-based methods developed within computer vision have their background in biology. [edit]Other Other common forms of sensing in robotics use  LIDAR,  RADAR  and  SONAR. [citation needed] [edit]Manipulation KUKA  industrial robot  operating in afoundry Further information:  Mobile manipulator Robots need to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the hands of a robot are often referred to as  end effectors,[32]  while the arm is referred to as a  manipulator. [33]  Most robot arms have replaceable effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator which cannot be replaced, while a few have one very general purpose manipulator, for example a humanoid hand. For the definitive guide to all forms of robot end-effectors, their design, and usage consult the book Robot Grippers. [34] [edit]Mechanical grippers One of the most common effectors is the gripper. In its simplest manifestation it consists of just two fingers which can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects. Fingers can for example be made of a chain with a metal wire run through it. 35]  Hands that resemble and work more like a human hand include the  Shadow Hand, the  Robonaut  hand,[36]   Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the Delft hand. [37][38]  Mechanical grippers can come in various types, including friction and encompassing jaws. Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction. Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place, using less friction. [edit]Vacuum grippers Vacuum grippers are very simple astrictive[39]  devices, but can hold very large loads provided the  prehension  surface is smooth enough to ensure suction. Pick and place robots for electronic components and for large objects like car windscreens, often use very simple vacuum grippers. [edit]General purpose effectors Some advanced robots are beginning to use fully humanoid hands, like the Shadow Hand, MANUS,[40]  and the  Schunk  hand. [41]  These are highly dexterous manipulators, with as many as 20degrees of freedom  and hundreds of tactile sensors. [42] [edit]Locomotion Main articles:  Robot locomotion  and  Mobile robot [edit]Rolling robots Segway  in the Robot museum in  Nagoya. For simplicity most mobile robots have four  wheels  or a number of  continuous tracks. Some researchers have tried to create more complex wheeled robots with only one or two wheels. These can have certain advantages such as greater efficiency and reduced parts, as well as allowing a robot to navigate in confined places that a four wheeled robot would not be able to. [edit]Two-wheeled balancing robots Balancing robots generally use a  gyroscope  to detect how much a robot is falling and then drive the wheels proportionally in the opposite direction, to counterbalance the fall at hundreds of times per second, based on the dynamics of an  inverted pendulum. 43]  Many different balancing robots have been designed. [44]  While the  Segway  is not commonly thought of as a robot, it can be thought of as a component of a robot, when used as such Segway refer to them as RMP (Robotic Mobility Platform). An example of this use has been as  NASAs  Robonaut  that has been mounted on a Segway. [45] [edit]One-wheeled balancing robots Main article:  Self-balancin g unicycle A one-wheeled balancing robot is an extension of a two-wheeled balancing robot so that it can move in any 2D direction using a round ball as its only wheel. Several one-wheeled balancing robots have been designed recently, such as  Carnegie Mellon Universitys Ballbot that is the approximate height and width of a person, and Tohoku Gakuin Universitys BallIP. [46]  Because of the long, thin shape and ability to maneuver in tight spaces, they have the potential to function better than other robots in environments with people. [47] [edit]Spherical orb robots Main article:  Spherical robot Several attempts have been made in robots that are completely inside a spherical ball, either by spinning a weight inside the ball,[48][49]  or by rotating the outer shells of the sphere. 50][51]  These have also been referred to as an  orb bot  [52]  or a ball bot. [53][54] [edit]Six-wheeled robots Using six wheels instead of four wheels can give better traction or grip in outdoor terrain such as on rocky dirt or grass. [edit]Tracked robots TALON  military robots  used by the  United States Army Tank tracks provide even more traction than a six-wheeled robot. Tracked wheels behave as if they were made of hundreds of wheels, therefore are very common for outdoor and military robots, where the robot must drive on very rough terrain. However, they are difficult to use indoors such as on carpets and smooth floors. Examples include NASAs Urban Robot Urbie. [55] [edit]Walking applied to robots Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve. Several robots have been made which can walk reliably on two legs, however none have yet been made which are as robust as a human. There has been much study on human inspired walking, such as AMBER lab which was established in 2008 by the Mechanical Engineering Department at Texas Aamp;M University. [56]  Many other robots have been built that walk on more than two legs, due to these robots being significantly easier to construct. 57][58]  Walking robots can be used for uneven terrains, which would provide better mobility and energy efficiency than other locomotion methods. Hybrids too have been proposed in movies such as  I, Robot, where they walk on 2 legs and switch to 4 (arms+legs) when going to a sprint. Typically, robots on 2 legs can walk well on flat floors and can occasionally walk up  stairs. None can walk over rocky, uneven terrain. So me of the methods which have been tried are: [edit]ZMP Technique Main article:  Zero Moment Point The Zero Moment Point (ZMP) is the algorithm used by robots such as  Hondas  ASIMO. The robots onboard computer tries to keep the total  inertial forces  (the combination of earths  gravity  and the  acceleration  and deceleration of walking), exactly opposed by the floor  reaction force  (the force of the floor pushing back on the robots foot). In this way, the two forces cancel out, leaving nomoment  (force causing the robot to rotate and fall over). [59]  However, this is not exactly how a human walks, and the difference is obvious to human observers, some of whom have pointed out that ASIMO walks as if it needs the  lavatory. 60][61][62]  ASIMOs walking algorithm is not static, and some dynamic balancing is used (see below). However, it still requires a smooth surface to walk on. [edit]Hopping Several robots, built in the 1980s by  Marc Raibert  at the  MIT  Leg Laboratory, successfully demonstrated very dynamic walking. Initially, a robot with only one leg, and a very small foot, could stay upright simply by  hopping. The movem ent is the same as that of a person on a  pogo stick. As the robot falls to one side, it would jump slightly in that direction, in order to catch itself. 63]  Soon, the algorithm was generalised to two and four legs. A bipedal robot was demonstrated running and even performing  somersaults. [64]  A  quadruped  was also demonstrated which could  trot, run,pace, and bound. [65]  For a full list of these robots, see the  MIT Leg Lab Robots  page. [edit]Dynamic balancing (controlled falling) A more advanced way for a robot to walk is by using a dynamic balancing algorithm, which is potentially more robust than the Zero Moment Point technique, as it constantly monitors the robots motion, and places the feet in order to maintain stability. 66]  This technique was recently demonstrated by  Anybots  Dexter Robot,[67]  which is so stable, it can even jump. [68]  Another example is the  TU Delft Flame. [edit]Passive dynamics Main article:  Passive dynamics Pe rhaps the most promising approach utilizes  passive dynamics  where the  momentum  of swinging limbs is used for greater  efficiency. It has been shown that totally unpowered humanoid mechanisms can walk down a gentle slope, using only  gravity  to propel themselves. Using this technique, a robot need only supply a small amount of motor power to walk along a flat surface or a little more to walk up a  hill. This technique promises to make walking robots at least ten times more efficient than ZMP walkers, like ASIMO. [69][70] [edit]Other methods of locomotion [edit]Flying A modern  passenger airliner  is essentially a  flying  robot, with two humans to manage it. The  autopilot  can control the plane for each stage of the journey, including takeoff, normal flight, and even landing. [71]  Other flying robots are uninhabited, and are known as  unmanned aerial vehicles  (UAVs). They can be smaller and lighter without a human pilot on board, and fly into dangerous territory for military surveillance missions. Some can even fire on targets under command. UAVs are also being developed which can fire on targets automatically, without the need for a command from a human. Other flying robots include  cruise missiles, the  Entomopter, and the  Epson micro helicopter robot. Robots such as the Air Penguin, Air Ray, and Air Jelly have lighter-than-air bodies, propelled by paddles, and guided by sonar. Two robot snakes. Left one has 64 motors (with 2 degrees of freedom per segment), the right one 10. [edit]Snaking Several  snake  robots have been successfully developed. Mimicking the way real snakes move, these robots can navigate very confined spaces, meaning they may one day be used to search for people trapped in collapsed buildings. [72]  The Japanese ACM-R5 snake robot[73]  can even navigate both on land and in water. [74] [edit]Skating A small number of  skating  robots have been developed, one of which is a multi-mode walking and skating device. It has four legs, with unpowered wheels, which can either step or roll. [75]  Another robot, Plen, can use a miniature skateboard or roller-skates, and skate across a desktop. 76] [edit]Climbing Several different approaches have been used to develop robots that have the ability to climb vertical surfaces. One approach mimics the movements of a human  climber  on a wall with protrusions; adjusting the  center of mass  and moving each limb in turn to gain leverage. An example of this is Capuchin,[77]  built by Stanford University, California. Another approach uses the specialized toe pad method of wall-climbing  geckoes, which can run on smooth surfaces such as vertical glass. Examples of this approach include Wallbot  [78]  and Stickybot. 79]  Chinas Technology Daily November 15, 2008 reported New Concept Aircraft (ZHUHAI) Co. , Ltd. Dr. Li Hiu Yeung and his research group have recently successfully developed the bionic gecko robot Speedy Freelander. According to Dr. Li introduction, this gecko robot can rapidly climbing up and down in a variety of building walls, ground and vertical wall fissure or walking upside down on the ceiling, it is able to adapt on smooth glass, rough or sticky dust walls as well as the various surface of metallic materials and also can automatically identify obstacles, circumvent the bypass and flexible and realistic movements. Its flexibility and speed are comparable to the natural gecko. A third approach is to mimic the motion of a snake climbing a pole[citation needed]. [edit]Swimming (Piscine) It is calculated that when  swimming  some fish can achieve a  propulsive  efficiency greater than 90%. [80]  Furthermore, they can accelerate and maneuver far better than any man-made  boat  orsubmarine, and produce less noise and water disturbance. Therefore, many researchers studying underwater robots would like to copy this type of locomotion. 81]  Notable examples are the  Essex University Computer Science  Robotic Fish,[82]  and the Robot Tuna built by the  Institute of Field Robotics, to analyze and mathematically model  thunniform motion. [83]  The  Aqua Penguin, designed and built by Festo of Germany, copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of  penguins. Festo have also built the Aqua Ray and Aqua Jelly, which emulate the locomotion of manta ray, and j ellyfish, respectively. [edit]Environmental interaction and navigation Main article:  Robotic mapping RADAR,  GPS,  LIDAR, re all combined to provide proper navigation and  obstacle avoidance  (vehicle developed for 2007  DARPA Urban Challenge) | This section  does not  cite  any  references or sources. Please help improve this section by  adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and  removed. (July 2009)| Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human controlled, or operate in a static environment, there is an increasing interest in robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. These robots require some combination of  navigation hardware and software  in order to traverse their environment. In particular unforeseen events (e. g. people and other obstacles that are not stationary) can cause problems or collisions. Some highly advanced robots such as  ASIMO, and  Meinu robot  have particularly good robot navigation hardware and software. Also,  self-controlled cars,  Ernst Dickmanns  driverless car, and the entries in the  DARPA Grand Challenge, are capable of sensing the environment well and subsequently making navigational decisions based on this information. Most of these robots employ a  GPS  navigation device with waypoints, along withradar, sometimes combined with other sensory data such as  LIDAR,  video cameras, and  inertial guidance systems  for better navigation between waypoints. [edit]Human-robot interaction Main article:  Human-robot interaction Kismet  can produce a range of facial expressions. If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-industrial environments, the way they are instructed to perform their jobs, and especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance. The people who interact with them may have little or no training in robotics, and so any interface will need to be extremely intuitive. Science fiction authors also typically assume that robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans through  speech,gestures, and  facial expressions, rather than a  command-line interface. Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to communicate, it is unnatural for the robot. It will probably be a long time before robots interact as naturally as the fictional  C-3PO. [edit]Speech recognition Main article:  Speech recognition Interpreting the continuous flow of  sounds  coming from a human, in  real time, is a difficult task for a computer, mostly because of the great variability of  speech. [84]The same  word, spoken by the same person may sound different depending on local  acoustics,  volume, the previous word, whether or not the speaker has a  cold, etc.. It becomes even harder when the speaker has a different  accent. [85]  Nevertheless, great strides have been made in the field since Davis, Biddulph, and Balashek designed the first voice input system which recognized ten digits spoken by a single user with 100% accuracy in 1952. 86]  Currently, the best systems can recognize continuous, natural speech, up to 160 words per minute, with an accuracy of 95%. [87] [edit]Robotic voice Other hurdles exist when allowing the robot to use voice for interacting with humans. For social reasons,  synthetic voice  proves suboptimal as a communication medium,[88]  making it necessary to develop the emotional component of robotic voice through various techniques. [89][90] [edit]Gestures Further information:  Gesture recognition One can imagine, in the future, explaining to a robot chef how to make a pastry, or asking directions from a robot police officer. In both of these cases, making hand  gestures  would aid the verbal descriptions. In the first case, the robot would be recognizing gestures made by the human, and perhaps repeating them for confirmation. In the second case, the robot police officer would gesture to indicate down the road, then turn right. It is likely that gestures will make up a part of the interaction between humans and robots. [91]  A great many systems have been developed to recognize human hand gestures. [92] [edit]Facial expression Further information:  Facial expression Facial expressions can provide rapid feedback on the progress of a dialog between two humans, and soon may be able to do the same for humans and robots. Robotic faces have been constructed by  Hanson Robotics  using their elastic polymer called Frubber, allowing a large number of facial expressions due to the elasticity of the rubber facial coating and embedded subsurface motors (servos). [93]  The coating and servos are built on a metal  skull. A robot should know how to approach a human, judging by their facial expression and  body language. Whether the person is happy, frightened, or crazy-looking affects the type of interaction expected of the robot. Likewise, robots like  Kismet  and the more recent addition, Nexi[94]  can produce a range of facial expressions, allowing it to have meaningful social exchanges with humans. [95] [edit]Artificial emotions Artificial emotions can also be generated, composed of a sequence of facial expressions and/or gestures. As can be seen from the movie  Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, the programming of these artificial emotions is complex and requires a large amount of human observation. To simplify this programming in the movie, presets were created together with a special software program. This decreased the amount of time needed to make the film. These presets could possibly be transferred for use in real-life robots. [edit]Personality Many of the robots of science fiction have a  personality, somethi Robotics Essay Example Robotics Essay You are to then upload your answers on Model. Approximate words are Indicated after each topic (you can type your responses in this document, save it and then upload). Topic That is a 50 words) In class, you spent a lot of time with the robot. What is a robot? What makes it a robot and not Just any old machine? Is your robot a good example? Explain and give examples. A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks repeatedly commanded by programming, with speed and precision. There are as many different hypes of robots as there are tasks for them to perform, for example a vacuum vacuums automatically until the place is clean or turned off. My robot is a good example as it follows commands that we gave it via computer. A machine is Just a device either you must guide it yourself or it do only one function, and has no intelligence at all, for example a car, you must press accelerate to move forward and press brake to stop. Topic oho are Science, Technology, Engineering and Math related? 150-200 words) The activities you participated In used elements from many different disciplines together to accomplish specific goals. Give one example of (choose one): ; A science concept or technique used to accomplish a goal ; A mathematics concept or technique used to accomplish a goal (Angles) ; A technological concept, technique, or artifact used to accomplish a goal Explain how the concept, technique, or artifact helped to accomplish the common goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robotics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Finally, summarize In your own words how science, technology, and mathematics work together In order to accomplish real- world objectives. The use the mathematic technique angle allowed me to adjust how far the robot goes and how much it turns. Science helps us keep our food sustainable ND protected from pests. It allows for the mass production of items such as clothing, electronics, and food. Our water can be reused thanks to science. We can mass produce medicinal drugs a lot easier. Technology allows us to communicate and store food and cook food easier. Mathematics helps us when finding the percentage on a discount or anything that requires calculation. Science, technology and mathematics create careers such as engineering, doctors and dentists. Topic experience and Insight(100-150 words) Discuss one specific experience you had while working on the robotics activities that eloped you to understand something important about math, science, technology, engineering, communication, teamwork, or any other area you believe Is relevant. What did you learn? How might this knowledge help you to deal with new challenges in the future? One specific experience that I dealt with was being calm with my robot and the need for communication when doing group/pair work. I got extremely aggravated each time the robot did not work the way I wanted it to. Once I became calm and saw the problem, my partner and I communicated and solved it quickly and we achieved success.

Political Elements can Advance and Retard the Government essays

Political Elements can Advance and Retard the Government essays There are many elements that combine together to make up the American political system, including: polls, voters, political parties, interest groups, and lobbyists. These elements have the ability to both advance and retard the system. Polls have the ability to gage the publics opinion on the important issues and candidates. This allows for those in office to get a sense of how the public is feeling on issues so they are well informed and can make the best decision for the country or state. While polls are the most relied upon method for gaging society's opinion, they can create drawbacks for the political system. Polls can only be as accurate as the opinion that is being sampled. Larger samples will obviously be more accurate because they will take into consideration a greater scope of people and their opinions. If a small poll is done that has an vauge or confusing questions or use to small of a contact groupe, the poll will not positively reflect the opinion of the entire country. Likewise the public may not be well informed on all of the issues because most citizens do not apy close attention to politics. Therefore, taking a poll of a group of people who do not know much about the topic being discussed , will not be useful and could give the elected officials the wrong idea on what the public is thinking. However, when properly conducted polls can provide an indication of what the public is thinking and helps to place limits on the choices made by officials. One of the greatest sources of influence over political leadership and the strongest protection from a greedy and corrupt government is the voters. Voting is designed to allow the people to have a say in politics and how their country and state are run. Voting puts those in office who the people feel are the best qualified to govern them. However, voting also has many drawbacks. ....Not all of those who vote are well informed of the candidates position on cert...

Heres How You Can Double Your Blog Conversion Rate Right Now

Heres How You Can Double Your Blog Conversion Rate Right Now Why do you blog? For fun? For personal enjoyment? As a hobby? It is likely that your blog has become ground zero, the place you promote yourself, your business, and your ideas. Your blog is a strategic business tool, but are you treating it that way? Are you optimizing your blog conversion rate? For years, the typical blog layout was the same, with content on the left and a sidebar on the right. There was the usual array of widgets and ornaments decorating the side and, in a word, the look of such blogs was  busy. Isnt it time we started to re-think our blog post layout? Isnt it time we got a bit more strategic? Focus On Your Blog Conversion Rate The problem with most blogs is that they lack a simple thing called focus. Do you know why your blog exists? I suggest that it is for two simple reasons: Your blog should display and distribute your content well. Your blog should convert visitors into readers and future customers. With this in mind, how is your  blog conversion rate? Thats the rate at which your visitors convert to your desired call to action. Are you focusing on a single call-to-action that you can track and measure? The more options we give our readers, the less likely they are to actually do what we want them to do when they visit our site. As we strip away the excess, we narrow our focus and naturally increase our blog conversion rate. Here are few ways that we can do just that. Tip #1 – Choose A Single Call-To-Action For years, the typical blog sidebar has looked something like this: Crowded, colorful, crazy, and confusing. What we do you really want the reader to do with all of this? So often, when we try to decide what we want our readers to do, we get confused ourselves. We want them to follow us Twitter. Or maybe, we want them to subscribe to our RSS feed. Or, download a free ebook. Perhaps we would like them to click on an ad. It can be pretty easy to think of our web visitor as a character in a choose-your-own-adventure novel. They are there for intrigue and suspense, hoping to see something interesting. This usually isnt the case. The average time a users spends on a website is, at best,  only 20 seconds. You have to make it count. So, if you could only choose one thing to have your reader do (besides actually read the article) what would it be? Choose a single call-to-action. This simple task will instantly improve your blog conversion rate. For example, make it your goal to convert an inbound visitor into a reader with an email signup, or a free course. This is a simple but powerful call-to-action that we can focus on as a way to increase conversions. Choose a single call-to-action if you want better blog conversion rates.Tip #2 –  Cut The Ads You arent getting rich and famous with those Google-served sidebar ads. Why are they there? So many ads, so little space. Source: smashingmagazine.com/ Unless you get a ton of traffic, it is unlikely that those ads are paying off for you at all. In fact, they may be doing more harm than good. Are you okay with a potential lead becoming distracted or disgusted by a pile of ads in the sidebar? Are you okay with them completely missing your call-to-action altogether? If you have ads, its happening. Increasing your blog conversion rate  may be as simple as cutting the excess clutter and cleaning up your sidebar. Those ads might be worthwhile for a high traffic site, but that isnt the case for most blogs. Consider ditching them altogether in favor of more breathing room and a better focus on your tangible goals. Are your sidebar ads helping your blog, or hurting it? #BetterBlogConversionTip #3 –  Cut The Sidebar While youre hacking away at those ads, maybe its time to ditch the sidebar altogether. In so many ways, the blog sidebar has become a dumping ground for our every whim. Unfortunately, there are too many whims: Ads   Facebook like box List of categories Recent posts Follow Me! Follow Me! Links to my favorite sites Blogroll, anyone? RSS Feed Subscribe A link to another project You get the idea. Maybe it is time for a different approach. Lots of breathing room. Wheres the sidebar? Sites like Medium.com  have popularized the no-sidebar blog post, and it works. Not only does it make reading a pleasure, but it leaves plenty of room for the real call-to-actions that you need to promote. If you removed half (or all) of your sidebar widgets, what do you think it would do for your  blog conversion rate? It might be worth a try. Get rid of your blogs sidebar altogether and see what happens. #BetterBlogConversionTip #4 –  Get Inline With Your CTAs Who decided that all of the action needed to be taking place on the sidebar anyhow? Wouldnt it be better if we had them where our readers are, like inside the actual blog post for example? See what this strategy can do for your  blog conversion rate. Image source: http://.com/blog/ You can sneak a basic call-to-action inline, right inside your blog post. These can be especially useful if they are matched with important keywords, like the example above for a content marketing editorial calendar. Your content is why they came in the first place. Make it a goal to do at least one inline call-to-action with each blog post. You can even automate a portion of this process with a plugin if you are using WordPress. The plugin  SEO Smart Links will automatically link keywords that you define to a post or a page of your choosing. This is a simple and valuable way to add calls to action to your posts text. Put your call-to-action inline in your blog post. #BetterBlogConversionTip #5 –  Lighten The Footer Speaking of dumping grounds, what about the blog post footer? This is another place where weve loved to bring on the clutter. Holy footer batman! Source: huffingtonpost.com/ Again, this is just too much. When we choose to focus our blog on a single call-to-action, it becomes much easier to improve our blog conversion rate. Ads and more blogs posts are not necessarily the goal. We need to be careful about where we send our readers. Stop putting everything in your blogs footer if you want #BetterBlogConversionTip #6 –  Dont Take Out Ads On Your Own Site A few years ago, I was publishing content on my company blog day after day. The content was good, but overall the blog wasnt doing much for me. I wasnt sure why. We had everything. We the subscribe box, related posts, a Facebook Like box, and of course, a series of ads for our own content. Waitwe were taking out ads on our own blog? It may not feel like it, but this could be exactly what you are doing as well. It is only natural to want our audience to see and understand everything we offer, but that is an unrealistic goal. We cant sell our audience everything all at once. We need to help them focus on one actionable goal so that we both succeed. Slowly, over time, we can expose them to our other services and offerings, but not until after weve ensured a maximum  blog conversion rate. Dont take out your own ads on your own site. #BetterBlogConversionTip #7 – Make Things Easy To Track One of the most crucial aspects of improving our  blog conversion rate  is being able to track our efforts. Fortunately, by relying on a few calls-to-action, rather than an abundance we make tracking them much easier. This way, we can make subtle changes to our site and see the impact that those changes make on our overall conversion statistics. We doubled our own blog conversions by cutting the clutter, and focusing on what we really wanted to happen. By cutting out some of the clutter and focusing on a simple conversion metric, we were actually able to double our total ebook downloads over a single week. Simple works!

Protein concentration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protein concentration - Essay Example Protein analyses are used for basic research useful in determining specific activities of enzymes, hormones, antibodies and others substances. There are many methods used for the assay such as colorimetric detections, protein copper chelation chemistry and other methods. The Lowry method is one of the most common and useful protein assay methods used with ready to use reagents (Pierce, 2014). The use of absorbance reading for analyzing proteins has been proven to be very useful such that it can be used to predict protein sequence (Anthis and Clore, 2013). Protein absorbs ultraviolet rays. The strong capacity of protein to absorb UV light allows analysis of protein samples through spectrophotometry (Craic Technologies, 2012). There has been many methodologies produced for protein analysis that proves to be accurate and produce good results which include the Bradford Assay and Lowry Assay considered as the most common method (Knight and Chambers, 2003), Biuret Assay, Bichinchoninic Aci d Assay. These methods have their respective advantages and disadvantages when used to read protein concentrations (Sapan, et al. 1999). Other modern techniques are also developed such as DNA Pull down Assay, Microplate Capture and DetectionAssay, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, and more (Pierce Protein Biology Products, 2014). There will be fives test tubes properly labeled used for the assay. A test sample diluted with 85% Sodium Chloride Solution is used to reach a final concentration of 150-100 ug/ml. The blank test tube will be added with 0.20ml 85% Sodium chloride Solution. The blank test tube will be used as reference test tube. This will be the test tube for comparison purposes with the other test tubes containing the various reagents. The blank test tube will be the first tube to be read in the spectrophotometer that will set back the reading to zero. All the other test tubes would be read in comparison with the blank test tube’s

Racial Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Racial Profiling - Essay Example It is a racial stereotyping that members of a certain race tend to engage in a particular crime than members of the other groups. In the event of an investigation of a terror suspect in the U.S, most of the people singled out to be suspects are always Arabs and Muslims. The process will always rely on the nationality, the religion as well as the manner of dressing; this is what Michael refers to as racial profiling. In this article, the writer points out that is important to consider ones right even if a crucial investigation is being conducted. Like it or not, the universal fundamental rights of an individual has to earn consideration and also the fact that one is always innocent until proven guilty. Much of this’ discrimination is outlawed’ in the U.S. The criteria used to identify and analyze a terror suspect have regards to being racial discrimination. It is in the conclusion that ones religion, nationality, and ethnicity are judged on the criterion of identifying a terror suspect. In the way, selection of Arabs and Muslims as terror suspects will always connect the boundary that separate suspect description and relying on profiling. A good example is when a member of the public tips an officer that a suspect of certain religion or ethnicity has engaged in criminal activity. The police start by questioning member of the same religion to rule out the fact that they have formed a gang in the neighborhood, this is racial profiling. He says that when one decides on whom to suspect or point out as a terrorist on ones thought is a mere is a generalized observation (Banks &Richard 1213-1214). Widespread observation sometimes brings you to a wrong conclusion. Another pe rfect example is when an intelligence report comes that an individual building will be bombed. The report gives a specific date at a particular time; this limited description will make the police subject all Arab

Can Sustainable Development Address The North South Divide Politics Essay

Can Sustainable Development Address The North South Divide Politics Essay The North-South divide, is a serious issue that needs to be addressed, it can also be seen as a critical factor for achieving global sustainability. During the course of this text, key ideas and actions related to this issue, will be considered. Sustainable development and the North-South divide will be introduced, followed by an overview and discussion of the situation and status quo. The divide and its solution will be summarised and the text will conclude, with my perspective on the issue. WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? The word sustainable means to sustain, to keep from failing during stress or difficulty. Therefore, an action can be considered sustainable, if it has the capacity to sustain. So what does this mean for our society? Plainly speaking, any instance were actions as a result of our survival, sustain, leave intact or protect the environment, from the stress of our existence within it, can be considered to be sustainable. The most commonly recognised threat, albeit debatable by some, is the impact of climate change on the environment (Carter, 2001). This and other environmental problems such as biodiversity and overconsumption, have resulted in sustainable development becoming a prominent and central issue in international politics (Carter, 2001). The ability of the present generation to meet its needs without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Carter, 2001) The definition of sustainable development quoted from Carter (2001), arose to suggest that, it is possible to have economic development and protect the environment at the same time. The definition above is as abigious as the concept, which is still being debated. Notwithstanding, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created in 1992, to oversee and implement the concept in different countries (Carter, 2001). Sustainable development, gives priority to the worlds poor both in the North and in the South, providing the opportunity to live a good life to all. It also recognises, the need to moderate our demand on resources, from the enviornment (Carter, 2001). THE NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE The International Monetary Fund (IMF), was developed to reach a goal of an internationally managed economy. However, the fund is much smaller than the original proposed in 1942, by Keynes and together with the World Bank, it served to aid primarily the global North (Raffer and Singer, 2001). The current system is an incomplete version of the Bretton woods system, lacking Keynes International Trade Organisation (ITO), among other pillars of support. The general idea of the system, was to sustain the economy and prevent another great depression, both in the global North and South (Raffer and Singer, 2001). In addition, the system intended for the IMF and the World Bank to be agencies of the United Nations (UN), guided by the UN General Assembly and the UN Economic and Social Council, to achieve its goal. As a result of the incomplete system being modified and implemented to suit, countries in the global south experienced balance of payments crisis and the subsequent debt crisis (Raffer and Singer, 2001). However, it left intact and in some cases fuelled the growth of economies in the North, driving a biased development. The quote below, puts into perspective the current issue and the reason for a need of consensus between the North and South, bridging the divide on the issue of climate change mitigation. For the next decades, we are locked-in to an unavoidable rise in global mean temperatures by virtue of our past emissions, due to factors such as the large thermal inertia of the earths oceans. This is unlikely to pass wihtout creating serious climate hazards (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) under BaU conditions the number of people affected by weather related disasters in 2030 would be somewhere between 220 and 860 million in the worst case () (Muller, 2002) During the percieved economic growth, globalisation and the IT revolution, swept the world. This wave created a division between the countries that, successfully took advantage of the revolution and those that did/could not (Kawaguchi, 2002). Taking advantage of the scenario, the subsequent economic growth that followed in the North -which was driven by fossil fuel- further widened the economic divide between the North and the South (Koehn, 2004). This divide and the following growth and development experienced by the North, can be seen as a catalyst or root cause, of the current North-South divide on the climate issue. The divide between the North and South on the issue of mitigating global climate change has been confirmed, it was stated that the most important issue for developing countries (the global South) is the dissproportionate human impact burden, which has until recently largely been ignored by the North (Muller, 2002). For example, consider for a moment the agenda for emissions mitigation, which has been firmly set by the industrialised world (Muller, 2002). This agenda, places disportionate burden on countries around the world. Especially those that cannot afford it and those more concerned with other immediate issues (Evans, 2009). The nature of the climate change equity problem, clarifies the stance both North and South side take, in dealing with the current climate crisis. In the North, it is regarded as a need to allocate emission mitigation targets, while in the South it is regarded as a need to assign responsibility for and the sharing of climate impact burdens (Muller, 2002). In addition, it is the perspective of the South, that the proposals for reductions in emissions do not account for disporportionate historical contributions of developed countries. Further adding, that the in effect the structural inequities embedded in the current international economic order, have been extended (Koehn, 2004; Evans, 2009). The Norths response to this perspective, is to disregard historical contributions and system inequities, focussing instead on gross emissions and future projections (Koehn, 2004). The reason for this is that, climate change in the eyes of the North is seen as a problem of polluting the environment and while impacts on human welfare are regarded as potentially life-style-threatening, they are seen to be deserved (Muller, 2002). This presents an overriding moral purpose of environmental integrity. To put it plainly, there is the acceptance of pollution from industralisation, being the cause of the climate crisis. However, there is also denial of the disproportionate nature of the proposed solution, resultant burden and welfare issues relevance. In the South however, the situation is very different (Muller, 2002). Climate change is seen as a human welfare problem, with the people as its prime victims. In addition, there is also the issue of equity between the human culprits and the human victims (Muller, 2002). There is compelling evidence that human-induced climate change is warming the earths atmosphere. The global heat poses a threat to ecological sustainability in the North and South (Koehn, 2004; Evans, 2009). In higher lattitudes this will cause rising sea levels and increase the likelihood of natural disasters, as well as increasing the vulnerability of human populations (Koehn, 2004). This presents a scenario of the inevitibility of climate change impact and its associated burdens, both in the global North and the global South. As an obvious consequence, there is the need to make ready and present innovative and effective solutions by the collective nations, for climate change impacts in the near and medium-term. This will provide the oppourtunity to mitigate and reduce the inevitable impact, in the North and in the South (Evans, 2009). The report, Bridging the Divide: Redressing The Balance, argues that we have reached a point where we must face the inevitability and begin to prepa re disaster responses (Muller, 2002). Notwithstanding, there are nations that are still in disagreement. Gurdial Singh Nijar who represented the Asia-Pacific group, says that without fair and equitable access and benefit-sharing (ABS) protocol, there will be no agreement. Leahy (2010) in his press release goes on to say that, there is concensus that countries, which supply valuable resources to the industrial world should be compensated. However, the situation may not be as straight forward as it seems, since the national representatives have been undergoing complex negotiations for six years (Leahy, 2010). So far, the negotiations have played along the traditional North-South divide, posing the danger of turning them into a sort of collective bargaining. Furthermore, as a result of current rise in economies of some developing countries, this approach has become obselete (Kawaguchi, 2002). To put it all more simply, the problem is the inability to agree on a soltuion, for the inevitable unfair distribution of climate imp act burdens (Muller, 2002). In one of the preparotory sessions, a delegate from the North and one from the South were discussing the form of the Charter. The Northern delegate offered that the Charter should be a short, poetic statement that could be reproduced on posters (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) on the walls of childrens bedrooms (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) as a message of inspiration (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The Southern delegate responded that most children in the South do not have their own bedrooms and many of them are unable to read. (Wapner, 2003) THE JOHANNESBURG SUMMIT IN BRIEF The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg supported the sustainable development concept, which suggests that the environment can be cherished without sacrificing economic growth, especially in southern (developing) countries (Kawaguchi, 2002). In addition the summit recognized that poverty alleviation cannot come by safeguarding the natural environment alone, but requires actively intervening in the economic system. Futhermore, this can be best achieved, by rigorously considering networks and partnership models of economic development, which are linked to empowerment drivers (Kawaguchi, 2002). The WSSD also recongnises, that access to natural resources plays a major role in development, while in developing countries it also under pins Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Petrie, 2007). A key contribution of the WSSD, was to establish partnerships. Thereby, translating overall principles into hands-on actions, towards adressing specific challenges of sustainabl e development (Wapner, 2003). It is the perception, that sustainable development has failed to bring together the North and the South. As a result, a lot of effort has gone into modifying the concept, so that it can meet interests of both sides (Wapner, 2003). One example of such efforts, is Kawaguchi (2002) proposal of the concept of global sharing, which encourages the sharing of strategies, responsibilities, experiences and information. I understand the importance of fossil fuels to the American people. Dick Cheney understands that. The president understands that Frederick D. Palmer, Executive Vice President for Legal and External Affairs at Peabody (Koehn, 2004) A SOLUTION IN SIGHT? The UN says that without an ABS (access and benefit-sharing) agreement, countries have shut down their genetic resources. As a result, a species of fly attacking mango populations in Kenya, cannot be properly controlled since the flys natural predator in Asia cannot be obtained (Leahy, 2010). The solution to a problem of this magnitude is not simple, made harder still by the lack of sufficient hands-on action to mitgate the threat. Although, there are some schemes, strategies and innitiatives, these should not wrongly be seen as being able to sufficiently sustain the weight of the climate change impact. The task is still very much incomplete, after all, the goal is to create a system that will sustain us (and the environment) through the climate threat. For that to happen, action must be taken. Actions like a complete UN inspired by Keynes or actions like bridging the divide between the North and the South. There have been a few attempts in the past to bridge the divide. The first was a Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism, which was based on the concept that transferring clean technologies to other nations, towards reducing green house gas (GHG) emisssions, could count towards obligations of the nations suppling the technology. The JI mechanism was meant to lower the compliance costs for Northern nations under the Kyoto protocol (Evans, 2009). To the South, this is clearly biased as the benefits will almost surely fall soley in the North, giving Northern nations the oppourtunity to force weaker nations to meet obligations for them. In the end JI was incorporated as a mechanism used amongst Northern nations (Evans, 2009). The second attempt, dubbed the Brazilian proposal was the Clean Development Fund (CDF), designed to provide financing for emissions mitigations projects in Southern nations (Evans, 2009). This would be done by allocating funds collected from Northern nations, who failed to meet their Kyoto requirements. However, Northern nation opposed this structure arguing that it is politically toxic, going on to create a more positive cooperative mechanism. This is how the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) came to be (Evans, 2009). Kyoto protocols Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), is currently the only policy initiative linking developing nations emissions to international cooperative efforts on climate change. It has been hailed as the grand compromise of the North-South divide over climate change mitigation (Evans, 2009). CDM is a market based mechanism, which allows Northern nations with binding emissions reduction commitments under the Kyoto protocol, to earn credits towards meeting their commitments. They do so by implementing emission reduction projects in Southern nations, where it is most cost effective. Southern nations in exchange, gain from the transfer of project related sustainable development benefits (Evans, 2009). However, what a benefit is in terms of sustainable development under CDM is left undefined, creating vagueness and subsequent conflict of interests. As a result, Southern nations place more emphasis on the development aspect of susatianable development, while the North tends to focus more on the GHG related definition of sustainability when assessing the benefits of CDM (Evans, 2009). This serves to drive continued tension over the issues of compensation for historical debt and equity of the South, and the Northern proirities of cost-efficiency and free markets, even with CDM in place (Evans, 2009). It is also thought that instead of facilitating enviornmentally sustainable development efforts in Southern nations, CDM can deter them from pursuing sustainable development paths, as doing so would decrease their ability to attract CDM investment in the future (Evans, 2009). The current means of evaluating the efficiency of CDM is synonymous with cost-effectiveness, however CDM is not meant to just facilitate low-cost emissions reductions. Rather it is designed to engage Southern nations in the global effort to reduce emissions (Evans, 2009). As a result it is more important to focus on factors of the mechanism that concern the South. The efficiency therefore should be, synonymous instead with mitigating the North-South divide, towards reconciling the interests of both sides. Despite the existsence of North-South cooperation in CDM today, the divide nonetheless spreads throughout the mechanism, resulting in divergent demands and expectations based on different priorities and perceptions of what the CDM should offer (Evans, 2009). The earth is a complex geo-biochemical entity whose precise functioning, as well as the complex interactions that occur among its myriad elements, we are yet to understand fully. Its fragile self-regenerative systems (e.g. the carbon cycle) have limited capacity for processing anthropogenic environmental contamination (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) the excess accumulates to disrupt or disable the systems themselves (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) this is the main reason for the mounting environmental predicament confronting us today. (Nath, 2004) ONE WORLD INTRICATELY CONNECTED Under the current regime, the old has been abandoned and the North no longer only care about the environment, neither do the South only care about development, both unable to concieve of one factor deviod of the other (Wapner, 2003). However, Northern governments are letting fall environment issues in favour of economic development (Wapner, 2003). The UNFCCC says that, developing countries will play a significant role in determining the success of multilateral climate change regime. It is accepted that there is a need for increasing attention towards accomodating Southern interests in the CDM specifically (Muller, 2002; Evans, 2009). The economy has been seen to drive growth and development. However, it is also the problem and the best solution towards our survival, is to embrace growth via knowledge and science. It will be necessary to abandon the driving psyche of the economic bottom-line, as well as the excessive consumption of our resources, otherwise our survival is forfiet. The brundtland report stated that, the adoption of less-consumptive and less-polluting life-styles, is required to progress towards global sustainability (Nath, 2004). However, since the rich and powerful are as unlikely to renounce their wealth, as the poor are unlikely to rein in their developments towards a better life, there is a fundamental problem. Ideas in the North, like sustainable consumption a concept which provided policies and strategies in the Netherlands, to curb levels of consumption, attempt to reduce the nations impact on the environment (Spaargaren and Martens, 2005). On the other hand, even though the role of the resources sector in sustainable development is disconnected from the social fabric of life in the developed world, it is seen as the lifeblood of the economy in developing countries (Petrie, 2007). Once again the bottom line inhibits our progress and survival, it is not the economy or planet that needs saving, it is us. Although they are important, if we are not around to support the economy it will crash and the planet, well it will survive whether we do or not. Our prime directive in this crisis should be human welfare and welfare growth/development; charity they say begins at home. You Americans raped your environment in order to develop your country and raise your standard of living. Now we Jamaicans reserve the right to do the same. Jamaican Official (Evans, 2009) CONCLUSION It is reasonable to conclude that an abandonment of market mechanisms may be necessary to facilitate the substantive perticipation of Southern nations in global emissions abatement efforts which is required by the severity of the climate crisis. After all, a crisis of this magnitude will undoubtedly drain the piggy bank, those who do survive will be more valuable than abstract numbers and values, especially when it comes to rebuilding. Therefore, it is imperitive we accept that, protecting the economy in favour of the environment and/or human welfare is detrimental to our survival. It is clear that the crisis is inevitable just as it is clear that we are entangled with the fate of the planet, for better or worse. Where sustainable development has failed CDM seems to fair better, even though it too has not completely solved the problem. The solution does not lie solely in the realm of policy but also in the state of mind of the people. Just like a train changes from a dead end track to a clear one, so also do we need a change of paradigm. In addition, science, knowledge and a true, unified UN will be indispensible tools in our efforts. Furthermore, these tools will aid to bridge the Nouth-South divide on the climate issue, putting both sides on the same page.