The Dangers Of Passive Smoking - 1293 Words

Passive smoking, is known as â€Å"second hand smoke† or â€Å"environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)†. Passive smoking occurred when the non-smoker people breathe in the chemical that released from surrounding smoker’s cigarette, or being exposed in smoke environment. It also comprises â€Å"sidestream† smoke from the burning tip of the cigarette and â€Å"mainstream† smoke which is smoke that has been inhaled and then exhaled by the smoker. It is a real threat to public health, however, people ignore or look down upon this issue somehow. It leads more death than the most viruses we panic from. We should face it right way, it will affect our body in a long-term, not the short-term like virus, but it doesn’t mean that it’s not harmful. In the cigarette, scientists found a complex mixture of gases and more than 7000 chemicals, which are generated during the burning and smoking of tobacco products. Of these, more than hundreds are known to be toxic or carcinogenic. Second hand smoke could causes many diseases, cancer is only one of them. According to the American cancer society, â€Å"every year in the United States alone, second hand smoke responsible for estimated 42,000 deaths from heart disease in people who are current non-smokers,furthermore,it Making children much more likely to be put into intensive care when they are sick; they stay in the hospital longer, and they’re more likely to need breathing tubes than kids who aren’t exposed to SHS†. So, why is passive smoking a problem? Because We livedShow MoreRelatedWhy Smoking Should Be Banned849 Words   |  4 PagesI will be discussing the topic why smoking should be banned in the workplace (inside and outside). I’ll be covering the loss of productivity in the workplace and the benefits of a smoke free workplace. 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Studies also show that maternal tobacco use is associated with mental retardation and some birth defects in the new born babiesRead MoreEssay about Smokers are Contaminating Our Air1028 Words   |  5 Pagesother through the effect of smoking. The transparent fume inhaled by others unexpectedly is called passive smoking or second hand smoking. Nonsmokers are being greatly affected from the harmful effects of passive smoking. Hence, smokers should smoke in areas where they won’t affect anyone. Passive smoking is inhaled through both sidestream and mainstream smoking. Sidestream smoking is the fumes emitted from the cigarette that lingers in the air and mainstream smoking is the inhale and exhaleRead MoreEssay about The Harmful Effects of Second Hand Smoke1141 Words   |  5 Pages An Australian courtroom, November 2002, has banned a mother of a ten year old boy from smoking in her household (Watts). This is because of the numerous harmful effects that go along with second hand smoke. 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Starry Night Free Essays

Have you ever taken a look at a painting or picture and had an overwhelming sense of peace and tranquility? This is how I feel about the painting Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh. To me, Starry Night symbolizes such peace, tranquility, and mindfulness. I have always felt drawn to this painting because Starry Night is a very beautiful piece of art. We will write a custom essay sample on Starry Night or any similar topic only for you Order Now It does not have many colors, but the way the few colors are used to make such an amazing and elaborate piece of art work that just instills such a great sense of peace and relaxation to me. When I see Starry Night I really stop and think about what was going through Van Gogh’s mind as he was painting this piece. When I look at this piece I wonder how Van Gogh selected and then mixed the very few colors together to get so much detail and precise work. What inspired him to create such a detailed vision? The way he put so much work into this one piece of work is mind blowing to me. I cannot wrap my brain around how one piece of art work can mean so many different things, create so many different feelings or bring back memories for so many diffrent people all at the same time. First I must describe the painting to you to get a sense of the feeling I have when I gaze at Starry Night. The painting appears to takes place in a small town or village at night. There are very few colors used in this painting, such as blacks, blues, yellows and a hint of reds. There is a church that stands out over the town casting a protective glow. There are also the brightest stars you have ever seen in the sky. They are like giant orbs of energy and light like angels watching over the town. There is also a dark object in the picture that reminds me of an old tree, but feels like an old soul watching out over the small town. Therefore, I cannot help but be drawn into the piece and become overtaken by a sense of peace and tranquility that draws me into the painting. The painting transports me into another time and place where I am at peace. I am taken back to summer nights in my childhood. Nights when the moon was full and in the still night air you could hear the buzzing wings of the lighting bugs we were determined to catch. We spent hours of our time running up and down the rolling hills through the soft cashmere like grass under our bare feet with only the light of the giant full moon to guide our paths. All the while the little church kept a watchful eye over our sleepy little town providing a blanket of protection that no harm would come to us. So if you are ever feeling blue or having a bad day I recommend taking a few minutes to gaze upon the amazing painting called Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh. Let it transport you to a happier time and place. It really helps me because it is such an expressive piece that speaks volumes to me. How to cite Starry Night, Papers

Strategic the Leadership Experience

Question: Discuss about the Strategic the Leadership Experience. Answer: Introduction Leadership is defined as the process of creating ideas and vision, living by values that support those ideas and visions, influencing behaviour of their followers and making tough decisions as and when required(Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). As per the definition of leadership the five key attributes of successful leadership are, ideas, vision, living by values, influencing others and making decisions. Success of a leader depends on a number of factors, however their choice of leadership style play the most significant role in determining their effectiveness as a leader(Bryman, 2013). A leaders style of providing directions, motivating others, formulating strategies and implementing plans is referred to as their leadership style. A leader can choose from five main types of leadership styles namely, situational leadership style, transactional leadership style, transformational leadership style, servant leadership style and authentic leadership style(Bertocci, 2009). Leaders choice of leadership style will greatly influence the overall performance, productivity, motivation, commitment and contribution of their employees towards organisational goals and objectives. The purpose of this report is to analyse the leadership style of Arnold Schwarzenegger and determine how his leadership style contributes towards his development as an effective leader. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger born on 30th July, 1947 is an Austrian-American actor, businessman, filmmaker, author, investor, politician, former professional bodybuilder, activist and philanthropist (Gallo, 2012). From 2003 till 2011, Arnold served as the 38th Governor of California. At the tender age of 15 Arnold began his weight training and at the age of 20 he won the Mr. Universe title. He is recognised as one of the worlds greatest bodybuilders and got his entry into Hollywood as an action hero and is known as a Hollywood action film icon. The name of Arnold Schwarzenegger immediately brings in the memory of the epic film Terminator that created records across the globe. Apart from Terminator, Arnold has made his appearance in many successful films such as, Commando, Predator, The Running Man, Twins, Total Recall, True Lies and Kindergarten Cop(Gallo, 2012). Arnold Schwarzenegger has also been the author of several bestselling books and have gained good success has a filmmaker. I t was in 2003 when he was first elected as a Republican to replace Gray Devis in a special recall election. He served his term as a Governor till 2011 and it was during thus tenure that he created an image of a model leader for the 21st century in the minds of his followers (Laird, 2014). He has all the traits of good successful leader and is recognised worldwide for his Charismatic leadership style. He is an effective communicator who has a unique vision and possess an inherit charisma that help motivating and influence behaviour of his followers. He used his popularity in bodybuilding to achieve all his career goals and eventually he used his popularity as celebrity to enter politics and being desired changes in society. His popularity as a bodybuilder and then a renowned Hollywood star helped him become the Governor of the state of California with overwhelming majority. Arnolds charismatic leadership style not only helped him in achieving his career goals but also enabled him bri ng notable changes in the society while he served as the Governor. Arnold Schwarzeneggers Charismatic Leadership Style Recognised worldwide as a great bodybuilder, renowned Hollywood action film icon and an American political leader, Arnold Schwarzenegger had a vision for himself which he named as the American dream (Gallo, 2012). Born in Austria, Arnold always wanted to become recognised personnel in America. He took the path of hard-work, determination and dedication to achieve his goals. He took the path of bodybuilding to enter Hollywood as an action icon and his popularity in Hollywood helped him win Governor Elections with overwhelming majority. Arnold since very beginning of his career laid emphasis on developing strong interpersonal relationships with people associated with him. He displays an inherit charisma that helped him influence and motivate others. He possessed the ability of involving people around him towards a common mission(Laird, 2014). He possesses effective communication skills which helped him communicate his vision to others and ensure people feel connected to the vision. Arn old possessed an ability to connect emotionally with his followers at a deeper level and identify their needs and concerns. He always appeared as an extrovert leader who was open for public meetings, media interviews and all forms of two-way communication(Gallo, 2012). All these traits and characteristics of Arnold Schwarzenegger points to the fact that he used charismatic leadership style to motivate direct and influence his followers. Leaders using charismatic leadership style use their personality and charm as the most important tool to gather followers and their trust(Adair, 2009). Their commitment and conviction to their vision and purpose drive charismatic leaders. Charismatic leadership style is often referred to as transformational leadership style as there are many similarities between the two leadership styles. Like transformational leaders who have a vision for change and innovation, charismatic leaders also focus on bring valuable changes in the ordinary ways of thinking and working(Ballantyne, 2009). However transformational leadership style and charismatic leadership style differ in terms of their audience and focus. Leaders with transformational leadership style emphasize on transforming the organisation in a way that help achieving their vision. Contrary to this leaders with charismatic leadership style emphasize on making the status quo better which in turn help them in achieving their vision(Armstr ong Stephens, 2005). Arnold Schwarzenegger with his charismatic leadership style always focused on making the status quo better and gaining a huge fan following which ultimately helped him in developing a successful political career. He used his engaging personality, effective communication, powerful oratory and unwavering commitment to bring positive changes in the lives of millions of individuals. Leaders using charismatic leadership style can be easily differentiated from other leaders as they are essentially highly skilled communicators, not only are they verbally eloquent but also possess the ability to communicate and connect with their followers on a deep, emotional level(Bass Bass, 2009). Leadership effectiveness of charismatic leaders is more evident in times of crisis as they exhibit exceptional devotion towards their vision and expertise in their fields. Charismatic leadership style enable these leaders develop a clear vision and engage with a comparatively larger audience. Unlike the other leadership styles, charismatic leadership style depends more on the actions of the leaders and their personality compared to the present processes and structures (Tellis, 2006). Arnold Schwarzenegger as a true charismatic leader used his personality and charm to engage with a large audience. He with his effective communication style could connect emotionally with his followers. As he himself has work hard to achieve his goals he could understand the needs and concerns of his followers at a deeper level. Most of his speeches, press conferences and presentations would include stories of his hard work, firm determination, struggles, success and life experiences which helped him communicate his vision with a larger audience(Gallo, 2012). Schwarzenegger was funny, charming, inspiring, and smart and had gained an expertise in public speaking through relentless practice. He could make his audience feel that he was one among them and has passed through almost similar problems while he was trying to achieve his career goals. Effectiveness of Charismatic leadership style relies greatly on the leaders ability to inspire and influence followers(Mullins, 2011). Like any other leadership styles, charismatic leadership style is recognisable but can be perceived with less tangibility. Charismatic leadership style enhances leaders ability to inspire and motivate their audience to be better and work hard for the greater good of the society. Leaders primary focus is to align the thought and efforts of their followers towards a common goal(Palmer, Walls, Burgess, Stough, 2001). Charismatic leadership style encourages boldness and initiatives. They encourage their followers to enhance their personality and charm and believe in themselves. These leaders have a personal vision which has a great deal of influence on their audience. Instead of emphasizing on existing ways of doing things, charismatic leaders emphasize on passion and moral compass(Blanken, 2016). Arnold Schwarzenegger always believed in his dreams, born in Austria he had a vision of becoming a renowned American and called his vision as American Dream. He started his career as bodybuilders and eventually moved to Hollywood and then into politics. His speeches as always very motivation and quotes like consider oneself as a brand irrespective of the career path possessed immense strength to motivate and engage his listeners. He believes that great brands are always run but effective leaders who have created specific vision. Arnold ultimate goal was to reach America and to achieve this he followed his vision of becoming the worlds champion in bodybuilding(Gallo, 2012). Since childhood, Arnold not only dared to dream big but he dreamed bigger than others, a quality that made him different from others. He followed his dreams with hard work and firm determination and his life story became a lesson for many of his followers. Leadership quotes like if you can see it and believe it, you can achieve it inspired many of his followers and help ed them in achieving their personal and professional goals. Arnold Schwarzenegger encourages his followers to dream above normal because in todays highly competitive global economy, being normal only guarantees below-average results (Laird, 2014). His followers felt engaged and could see themselves aligned with his vision of making the state of California a better place to live. Leaders using charismatic leadership style are often found to be more sensitive towards the needs of their followers and the environment(Bonnici, 2011). They are inclined to take personal risk for the betterment of the society. They are adept at using unconventional behaviour which differentiates them from other leaders. Charismatic leader make his follower believe that he is one among them and can relate with their needs and concerns(Fairholm, 2009). Arnold Schwarzenegger being a renowned bodybuilder and Hollywood star enjoys huge fan following and is an inspiration for many. His fans are highly interested in knowing about his life experiences and can relate to his struggles. His fans feel motivated and inspired to make efforts to achieve their dreams and bring a good change in the society. Arnold Schwarzenegger since beginning has emphasized on the adoption of green energy as he believes that climate change is the biggest issue of present time(Gallo, 2012). His actions at Californi a to adopt green energy not only helped creating more jobs in the state but also made it energy independent. Arnold Schwarzenegger as a true charismatic leaders used his popularity to engage a larger audience today the green energy and climate change initiative leading it to success. Leaders choice of leadership style has a direct cause and effect relationship upon their overall success and organisational effectiveness(Clements Washbush, 1999). Leadership style used by leader determines the culture, values, level of employee motivation and change tolerance within the organisation. Regardless of the leadership style selected, a leaders prime responsibility is to derive maximum benefit from organisations most expensive and vital resources that is its human resources. Ability to motivate and engage human resources of an organisation or community is a common trait shared by all successful leaders and their choice of a specific leadership style enhance their ability to do so(Clinebell, Trijonyte, Reardon, 2013). Charismatic leadership style is one of the most successful trait-driven leadership styles wherein the leader possesses an ability to create a vision and also has the personality and charm to motivate and engage their followers to execute that vision. Arnold Schwarzenegger had a vision for himself and the community and with his charismatic leadership style he very effectively motivated and engaged those around him to execute that vision. Arnold Schwarzenegger speeches had always been highly motivational and he showed his complete support to creativity and innovation(Laird, 2014). Being a socialised charismatic leader Arnold Schwarzenegger encouraged two-way communication, worked for empowering his followers and served the interest of community above everything else. Like any other leadership style, charismatic leadership style has its own strengths and weaknesses. One of the most recognisable strength of charismatic leadership style is the timing in which the leader enters the scene(Jong Hartog, 2007). Charismatic leaders mostly make their appearance in the times of crisis or difficulties. Arnold Schwarzenegger appeared as a political leader in the recall elections for the Governor of the state of California. He replaced Grey Davis the formal Governor of California with overwhelming majority owing to his personality, charm and ability to connect with his followers at a deeper, emotional level. Leaders with charismatic leadership style often dream bigger than their counterparts and believe strongly in their vision and cause and getting things done in their ways(Jr, 2005). These leaders strive for change, cause and innovation. Arnold Schwarzeneggers dreams were bigger than any normal man; he believed in his dreams and did everything possible to a chieve them. Charismatic leadership style focuses on leading with value transformation(Kitchin, 2010). The leader aims at bringing a considerable change in the values, needs, goals and self-concepts of their people. Instead of satisfying the existing needs and concerns of their people they tend to change the attitude and behaviour of their people in a positive direction and align their efforts to a common vision. Leaders with charismatic leadership style use their personality, effective communication and storytelling to motivate and inspire behaviour of their people(Bryman, 2013). They encourage their followers to dream bigger than normal, believe in those dreams and find ways of fulfilling those dreams. Arnold Schwarzenegger always shared his personal experiences and the struggles he faced to inspire his people. Charismatic leadership style helped him in achieving his big dreams and also contributes towards the betterment of the society. It enabled Arnold Schwarzenegger enhance his abilities of easily gathering support from a large audience, create and communicate effectively a vision of change and cause, convey positive energy and a sense of presence and to take innovative and unconventional approach to problem-solving and decision making (Bertocci, 2009). Arnold Schwarzenegger already had a strong visual presence owing to his looks and his profession and use of charismatic leadership style helped him in improving his oratory skills. In all his speeches and presentations he used stirring words and emotional effects to communicate his vision to his followers. Strength of charismatic leadership style is that it enhances leaders ability to develop strong social capital which refers to the collective value of networks and the inclination resulting from these networks to do good for each other. However, apart from these strengths charismatic leadership style also has some weaknesses such as they can leave. People following a charismatic leader often find it difficult to stick to the same vision and purpose when the leader leaves. In absence of a charismatic leader, followers appear rudderless and without direction(Armstrong Stephens, 2005). It is often seen that leaders under the influence of charismatic leadership style end up making promises that they cannot achieve. Their believe themselves and have high self-confidence and in the process they sometimes ignore the process of evaluating the capabilities of their followers. Their speeches are motivational and inspiring but at times the followers actually lack relevant skills to achieve certain goals(Bryman, 2013). Dreaming big and believing in those dreams is good but it is also important to work towards those dreams, mere words cannot build castles. Empowering language and popular powerful buzz words are helpful in creat ing a sense of urgency to align people towards a common goal, but these can have a negative affect when just words are being communicated and people see no actions. Arnold Schwarzenegger won the recall elections against Grey Davis with overwhelming majority owing to his popularity and charm but as his tenure being a Governor was evaluated it was found that he was successful in engaging a large audience but was not must successful in fulfilling his promises. Another recognisable weakness of charismatic leadership style is that it makes the leader feel suffocating under the weight of material measures and expectations(Adair, 2009). Compared to any other leadership style, charismatic leadership style is more susceptible to losing steam. As the leader using charismatic leadership style sets big expectations since the beginning, the emotional and psychological requirements of followers can become very high and the leader might not be able to satisfy those needs as they are involved in im plementing their thoughts, thus leaving the followers unsatisfied. Arnold Schwarzenegger emerged as an effective leader in time of crisis and his charismatic leadership style helped him win support from a large audience, however as time passed by expectations grew and as he was unable to meet all those expectations his popularity as a politician reduced. Tensions start developing between leaders and followers when followers sense a lack of leader follow-through which eventually results in burning out of the charismatic leader(Mullins, 2011). Similar was the case with Arnold Schwarzenegger when he was not re-elected as the Governor of the state of California again. People had enough of his motivational and inspiring speeches and life lessons and as it always happens in a human environment, they wanted something new to feed their emotional and psychological needs. Conclusion Charismatic leadership style is one which enables leaders to use their personality and charm to engage a larger audience and align them towards a common vision and purpose. Charismatic leaders possess the ability to create a vision for change and are natural orators who can communicate their vision effectively to their followers. Charismatic leadership style enabled Arnold Schwarzenegger create a big vision for himself called the American dream, believe in his vision and make all efforts possible to achieve his vision. It helped him use his personality and charm to win recall elections against Grey Davis, the former Governor of the state of California with overwhelming majority. However at the same time it was evaluated that Arnold Schwarzenegger performed poorly as a Governor as it was more about motivation speeches than realistic actions. References Adair, J. (2009). Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., Stephens, T. (2005). A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Ballantyne, S. (2009). Leadership decision-making utilizing a strategic focus to enhance global achievement. Journal of Management and Marketing Research , 1 (1), 1-6. Bass, B. M., Bass, R. (2009). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Simon and Schuster. Bertocci, D. I. (2009). Leadership in Organizations: There is a Difference Between Leaders and Managers. Maryland: University Press of America. Blanken, R. (2016). 8 Common Leadership Styles. Retrieved 2016, from asae: https://www.asaecenter.org/resources/articles/an_magazine/2013/january/8-common leadership-styles Bonnici, C. A. (2011). Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. London: RL Education. Bryman, A. (2013). Leadership and organizations. New Jersey: Routledge. Clements, C., Washbush, J. B. (1999). The two faces of leadership: considering the dark side of leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ follower dynamics. Journal of Workplace Learning , 11 (5), 170-176. Clinebell, S., Trijonyte, R., Reardon, J. (2013). Impact Of Leadership Styles On Employee Organizational Commitment. Journal of Service Science (JSS) , 6 (1). Fairholm, M. R. (2009). Leadership and Organizational Strategy. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal , 14 (1), 1-16. Gallo, C. (2012). What Arnold Schwarzenegger Taught Me About Building A Successful Career.Retrieved 2016, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/10/02/what arnold-schwarzenegger-taught-me-about-building-a-successful-career/#52344c9e4a09 Hellriegel, D., John W. Slocum, J. (2011). Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Jong, J. P., Hartog, D. N. (2007). How leaders influence employees' innovative behaviour. European Journal of Innovation Management , 10 (1), 41-64. Jr, J. E. (2005). Motivation and Transactional, Charismatic, and Transformational Leadership: A Test of Antecedents. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies , 11 (4), 25-39. Kitchin, D. (2010). An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers. New Jersey: Routledge. Laird, S. (2014). Charismatic Leadership Vs Transformational Leadership. Retrieved 2016, from Business Lights: https://businesslightsideas.com/?p=8360 Mullins, L. J. (2011). Essentials of Organisational Behaviour. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Palmer, B., Walls, M., Burgess, Z., Stough, C. (2001). Emotional intelligence and effective leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal , 5-10. Tellis, G. J. (2006). Disruptive Technology or Visionary Leadership? Journal of Product Innovation Management , 23 (1), 34-38.

Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Essay Example

Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Paper Magma Design Automation is a fast-growing provider of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software and design services. The company was founded in 1997 on the concept of combining logic design and physical design into a single system to better address emerging deep sub-micron design challenges. MDA is headquartered in Silicon Valley and has a global network of sales support personnel. Magma markets and supports its products through sales and support centers in North America, Europe, Japan, India and Asia-Pacific nations. Magma has grown substantially over the years to achieve sales of over $75 million in 2003. Magmas mission To create and deliver the best EDA software products and solutions, encompassing IC design from concept to completion, enabling our customers commercial success. Magmas Products We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Magma Design Automation provides electronic design automation (EDA) software that enables chip designers to meet critical time-to-market objectives, improve chip performance and handle multimillion-gate designs. Key products include Blast Create(tm), Blast Plan(tm), Blast Fusion(r) and Blast Noise(r). Magma software products comprise the only truly integrated RTL-to-GDSII design flow. Magmas Customers Magma licenses its design automation software to semiconductor manufacturers and electronic products companies around the world. Among them: Broadcom, Infineon, NEC, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and Vitesse. Need to expand operations ASIC/VLSI development business was rapidly shifting its base from US to India in the later half of 90s. As they form the main customers of Magma, it also needed to follow the change. The main reasons for the start of the Indian operations are: 1. Close proximity to the clients: Magma caters to the multinational companies like Texas Instruments etc, globally. So to support these operations they also have to start their operation in India. 2. High quality manpower and low cost: The availability of the pool of talented engineers in India at low cost was also a reason for the shift. 3. Faster Response Time: Being present locally will also provide the faster response time for the maintenance and support. With these considerations in mind, the company opened its first Indian office at Bangalore in May 2003 with an initial work force of 25 people. The operative goals of the Indian operations are: 1. To upgrade its Indian operations so that it can cater to the Asia-pacific market and Japan, and at a later stage to European market as well. 2. To be amongst the top 3 EDA providers in India. 3. To provide new product development via its RD department for global operations so as to move up in the value hierarchy. Magma India is a part of a Global Matrix structure. The matrix structure helps the company to coordinate between the Indian operation and the parent company in both the product development as well as business development in whole of the globe. The company has three major departments viz. RD, Product Engineering and Field Application Engineering, along with support departments of Finance, Human Resource Development, Information Technology and Marketing. The company has a dual reporting structure with the team in India working alongside the team in the different regions on the same product. Various divisions in different operations Organization structure of Magma design automation Work flows in Magma with the use of cross-functional teams, chosen on geographical and divisional basis as required by the project. The criterion for choosing the group leader is technical expertise. The employees then work on this temporary team till the project is completed. The employees keep moving from one project to another in this fashion in the same division. Each employee thus has a dual reporting structure. He reports to his project lead, in most cases in U.S., as well as the divisional head in India. The organization structure and design of Magma is mainly determined by five factors Organization Strategy and Goals External environment Organization life cycle and size Organizational Culture Technology Magma India follows a differentiation strategy for interacting with its competitive environment and in order to achieve organizational goals. The company attempts to distinguish its products from others in the EDA industry. The products of Magma India are differentiated on the basis of technology, architecture and the features offered by them. The EDA tools offered by Magma are of high quality and they are priced high. Magma is committed to differentiate its products from others in the industry and for this it invests heavily in RD, product research and has got tie ups with other companies to market its products. In order to differentiate its products and to keep a competitive edge, Magma has got a strong RD division. Magma has got a strong customer focus and its FAE department continuously interacts with customers. IT also sends its RD people to customer sites and forms cross-functional teams, if there is such a requirement, at the customer site. Thus, Magma India wants to have the structure and culture of a learning organization and rewards its employees for creativity and innovation. The organizations ability to be flexible is constrained by its divisional architecture. This can be a severe problem as Magma India grows in size. To overcome the disadvantages of the divisional structure in the long term, it should establish strong formal horizontal linkages between divisions. This will increase coordination and add flexibility to the organization. The sector in which Magma India is operating is highly dynamic with lots of activity going on. On one hand small companies are coming fast to fill the niche whereas the old companies are consolidating to retain their matte. Also the environment becomes highly unstable due to the extensive dependence of this sector on the emerging technology. Its main competitors are Cadence, Synopsis, and Mentor Graphics etc. The requirements of the customer are also changing i.e. change of the design due to advent of nanometer technology. There are only a few number of external complexities that means only few external elements are relevant to the company. For Magma, these are changes in technology and clients. Therefore the company is in simple environmental complexity and unstable environmental change. Therefore company shares a moderate to high uncertainty.

Reality Misunderstood essays

Reality Misunderstood essays Day by day cyberspace is becoming a more intricate part of our society. As it does, we rely on it more to manage finances, research, and to communicate. Communication in cyberspace has developed a new community for people around the world. The ability to freely communicate with people around the world through a computer has raised many questions about the reality of cyberspace. Since it is a tool of communication that millions of people use every day to converse with friends, family, and business associates it must be considered a dwelling of reality. Although it seems like an abstract point, cyberspace is a destination millions of people visit every day to transfer real ideas and real thoughts from one real person to another, for this it must be a real place. It can be considered as an extension of many other devices, such as the telephone. These devices have been used throughout history to communicate and none have been considered to defy reality. Also, many things we consider an integral part of our lives, which define our reality, like crime and terrorism take place in cyberspace. On a more abstract thought, but still very real, cyberspace is a home to our dreams. Many peoples realities revolve around being something or someone else. Cyberspace gives these people a home for real dreams and needs they dont get in physically. Because it is new and uncharted by many people it seems too abstract to be real, but it is an extension of many aspects of our lives and must be considered reality. Since the invention of the telegraph we have been using machines to communicate across states or even across the world. As technology has grown so have our means of communication. The difference with cyberspace is that it is such a huge technological advance that many people cannot grasp the fundamental idea behind it. With the telegraph, telephone or fax, there was always a physical input and a physical response w...

Avert vs. Avoid

Avert vs. Avoid Avert vs. Avoid Avert vs. Avoid By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between avert and avoid? They share a primary meaning (with a subtle but significant distinction) but despite their structural similarity are etymologically unrelated. This post discusses their senses and origins and those of similar-looking synonyms. Avert derives from the Latin verb vertere, which means â€Å"turn.† To avert is literally to turn away; one averts one’s eyes or gaze when one turns away, so as not to make eye contact or see something. But avert also means â€Å"prevent† or â€Å"ward off,† a sense it shares with avoid. However, while avert implies active effort to stop something from happening, avoid often suggests keeping away from or refraining from something rather than preventive action. One averts disaster by doing something to stop it, while one avoids it by removing oneself from a situation that will result in disaster. Aversion, originally the noun form of avert, still alludes to the physical act of turning away in its modern senses of â€Å"dislike† or â€Å"repugnance†; more rarely, it refers to an object of antipathy. Avoid stems from the Latin verb vuider, which means â€Å"empty† and is also the origin of void, which as a verb means â€Å"empty† and as a noun means â€Å"emptiness.† The a is a vestige of the Latin prefix ex-, in this sense meaning â€Å"out†; the prefix, slightly altered in the Old French word esvuider, ended up in Anglo-French as the first letter of avoider, from which the English word avoid is derived. (Devoid, meaning â€Å"without,† also has the root word void.) Something is said to be avoidable, and an act or practice of avoiding is avoidance. Another word that appears to be related to avert and avoid is evade, which means â€Å"avoid† or â€Å"escape† but its origin is the Latin verb vadere, meaning â€Å"go†; to evade is literally to not go. Something avoidable is also evadable, though this adjective is seldom used. The noun form is evasion. Inevitable, meaning â€Å"unable to be avoided,† is also unrelated; its antonym, evitable, is rare but also goes back hundreds of years. Their ultimate source is the Latin verb vitare, which means â€Å"shun.† In addition to being an adjective, inevitable sometimes appears as a noun, as shown in â€Å"Accept the inevitable† (meaning, â€Å"that which cannot be avoided†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfEspecially vs. Specially

'Majority rule is the right response to resolving disagreements in Outline

'Majority rule is the right response to resolving disagreements in society.' Discuss - Outline Example Government is an institution majorly formed to create stable society for the people that it governs. The people are however a complex group with widely varying wishes, needs and ideas as such the government must always turn to majority rule. The government cannot in anyway please everyone all the time. It must focus on making most of the people happy in order to gain stability faster (Web, N.d). Right is conformance with justice, law or morality. It is fair and effective. Rights can also be defined as entitlements to perform certain actions, or to be certain in states or entitlements that others perform certain actions. They dominate modern understandings of what actions are permissible and which institutions are just. They structure the form of governments, content of laws, and distribution of freedom and authority. Thus to accept a set of rights is same as to approve a distribution of freedom and authority and hence to endorse a certain view of what may, must and must not be done ( Wenar, 2010). Many theorists agree that A’s claim-right gives B a second order reason not to act on some first order reason. To go by this route we would need to tamper the conclusiveness of the conclusive reasons implied by assertions of rights to accommodate the fact that some rights have priority against others, and if any, few rights outweigh absolutely all non-right considerations in all circumstances (Wenar, 2010).This paper will focus mainly on the principle of majority rule and the rights of the minority. The main arguments are that majority rule is the right response to resolving agreements and supermajority rule is a better response to resolving disagreements in the society. Majority rule is right to resolving disagreements because it provides utility and fairness. Utilitarian argument The principle of utility states that in any circumstance that action ought to be done and that institution ought to obtain all the alternatives available, produces the greatest net ba lance of happiness over unhappiness when we sum up all happiness and unhappiness over all sentient beings from now in to the future (Cohen, 2002). The main feature of utilitarian political feature is that it calls for the maximization of happiness summed over all and not any particular distribution of happiness and subject to the constraint of everyone is above a certain minimum level. Thus from this emphasis on aggregation, utilitarianism requires that we trade off the burdens on some people and benefits to other people. The utility principle reduces highly contested and vague issues of right and wrong to problems that can actually be addressed through public methods of observation and calculation rather appeals to equally vague and contested intuitive ideas. Because of the gains in analytical tractability one may be able to secure greater public agreement about what is at stake in a political dispute and how to resolve it. Hence this principle represents one way to treat people as moral equals and it assigns the happiness of each affected party equal weight in determining what ought to be done. In actual sense the principle of utility represents a refinement of the intuitive idea that conduct and policy are right just in case they have the overall consequences or best results (Cohen, 2002). Egalitarian argument Egalitarian view that equality is the special sense of comparative equality but the prioritarian view that

Public Finance-Social Security Insolvency Essay

Public Finance-Social Security Insolvency - Essay Example At the initial stage of this program, permanently disabled soldiers and widows of soldiers were given the benefits of social security policies. The most noted disadvantage of this program is that it had not designed any provisions for the Confederate side veterans and families. In order to remove the inefficiencies of the program and to coordinate the whole unions of soldiers, this program was restructured later and thereby all unions of soldiers got the benefit of the program regardless of the intensity of their injuries. Due to the expansion of the program, the federal government was driven to spend more than one third of its funds to meet the military pensions in 1984. The United States was shaken by the great depression of 1930 when millions of Americans lost their jobs and struggled to meet the livelihood. The event prompted the thoughts of a comprehensive social security system for the survival of the weakest in times of such severe situations. Franklin Roosevelt became the pre sident of America in 1932 and the depression was at its intense stage in this period. He was the first person who suggested an idea of social insurance in America although it was characterized by several weak aspects. Roosevelt’s idea was the milestone in the history of social security programs and it was molded into its present form subsequent to various amendments of Roosevelt’s basic frame. ... This plan persuaded the workers to set aside a specified percentage of their income to a separate account so that they can use this amount to meet the monthly expenses after retirement. Subsequently, Social Security Act (SSA) came into force in 1935. Since 1935 the SSA system has been exercising in US with relevant modifications in accordance with changing economic situations and population of the country. Currently, social security system in United States is known as Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. Deaven and Andrews (vii) lists other social security programs which include â€Å"Unemployment Insurance, Temporary Assistance to Needy families, Health Insurance for Aged and Disabled (Medicare), Grants to States for Medical Assistance Programs (Medicaid), State Children’s Health Insurance programs (SCHIP), and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). 2. Causes of the anticipated insolvency: Anticipated insolvency or expected insolvency is a threa t to business as it leads the business to failure in the near future. Insolvency may occur in small businesses as well as in big businesses although small business ventures have more possibility to confront with it. There are large numbers of causes for anticipated insolvency. Lack of working capital is the main cause of anticipated insolvency as it interrupts the smooth running of the business (The 65 most common reasons for business failure). The inadequate capital resources cause to diminish the management incompetence which is the catalyst that leads the business upwards. The thoughtless managerial decisions, unfair issue of credits, and unnecessary purchases are the major factors which create the situation of capital deficiency. Unforeseen contingencies like floods,

John Updikes a & P Is a Coming of Age Story Essay Example for Free

John Updikes a P Is a Coming of Age Story Essay John Updikes short story, A P is about a 19-year-old boy, Sammy, and his short but decisive transformation from a carefree teenager to a grown man with the consequences of his actions weighing heavy on him in the end. On an otherwise ordinary day, the course of Sammys life is changed by an out of the ordinary experience which challenges him and compels him to make a rash decision that is based on what he knows in his heart is right for him. Sammy tells the story as if it is just another day while the life-changing event unfolds in a manner of minutes. He gives insight about the town by giving short character descriptions that are revealing, not only of each character, but also of Sammys feelings about the town, the people in it, and his personal perspective on the life that he is living there. Although the character descriptions paint a negative picture, the negativity has more to do with Sammys thought of living in this town with these characters for much more of his young life. It is clear that Sammy is more than ready to move on, beyond where his life is now. Sammy offers few facts about himself other than that he is 19 and lives with his parents in a small, conservative, New England town. Sammy points out that the town is not far from the location of the Salem witch-hunts and burnings in centuries past. The elusion to Salem leaves an image of a lingering puritanical cloud over the town and its people. The story takes place in the A P grocery store in the heart of the downtown area where Sammy works as a checkout clerk. Sammys co-worker, Stokes, is 22 years old and married with two children. Stokes station in life represents a lifestyle that is not out of reach for Sammy, but certainly not the lifestyle that Sammy desires for his life although it is not clear even to Sammy what exactly the lifestyle that he desires is. Sammys boss, Mr. Lengel, who is a conservative and outspoken man, is a Sunday school teacher and the manager of the A P. Mr. Lengel is th e living image of everything that Sammy does not ever want to be. The customer that Sammy refers to as the cash-register-watchers and a witch (560) is a character that epitomizes Sammys disdain for the attitude of the usual customer that comes through his check out line on a daily basis, as well as the entire citizenry of his small hometown. The life-altering event begins to unfold in the very first line of the story. In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suites (560). The very first characters who are introduced in the story are everything that is not acceptable in this ultra conservative town, although the three girls bring with them a burst of pure innocent sunshine. Everyone in the store gawks at the three girls as if they have never seen a girl in a bathing suit. The fact is that they probably had never seen a girl in a bathing suit anywhere other than a place to swim which emphasizes that this is an ultra conservative town with puritanical attitudes. Sammy and Stokes are very preoccupied with the sight of the girls and they enjoy every second of it. Mr. Lengle, who doesnt miss that much (563) is fully aware of the enjoyment that Sammy and Stokes are having. Mr. Lengle insults the girls by telling them that they are not decently dressed. In the girls minds, uncluttered by the collective oppressive attitude that is the norm in the store, they are decent and see nothing wrong with their appearance. At this point, Sammy feels embarrassment for the girls and at the same time realizes that he is part of their embarrassment, because he is a part of the collective puritanical attitude. He also realizes that this is a turning point for him. Sammy has arrived at a cross road in his young life and he realizes that if he is ever going to become what he sees for himself in his future, and if he is ever going to reach what he truly desires in his life, he must make a decision. He must decide to break free from the collective attitude or remain a part of it. Sammy makes the decision to break free from the puritanical and oppressive attitude of all of the generations before him. Sammy quits his job and he does it while the girls are still in the store hoping that the girls will take notice that he does not have the same attitude and moral judgment of them and that he does not condone it. He hopes that the girls will see him as their hero. As Sammy takes off his A P apron and bow tie, he is shedding the old puritanical views and attitudes. As he walks out of the store, he embraces his newfound freedom and coming of age, although he also realizes that his parents will not be pleased. Sammy has known for some time that this is what he would eventually do, and this was the day, because the three girls provided a good reason and the opportunity for Sammy to assert himself, to become his own person with his own perspective, values, morals, beliefs and attitudes. Works Cited Updike, John. A P. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 560-64.

Ministers Black Veil Essays: Father Hooper :: Ministers Black Veil Essays

Father Hooper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ministers Black Veil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Father Hooper wears a black veil over his eyes and nose, never revealing the reason of the veil to a soul. At times the sexton would insinuate a reason behind the veil but never revealing the answer to the mystery. Father Hooper is a very imaginative and creative individual to innovate the idea of wearing a black veil to express an idea. He is angry towards the response of the veil to his parishioners, since they treated him differently with the veil compared to without it. Most of the parishioners are clueless to why he wears it and some try to imagine why he would ever want to wear it, but there are only ideas and arguments to why a minister would wear it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the reasons behind the veil might be secret sin. Father Hooper might have committed a very bad sin, which he does not want to unveil to anyone. Instead of not telling anyone the sin he shows it clearly on his face with the aid of a black veil. This black veil might relieve tension in his body that has accumulated due to his sin. In the story, Father Hooper says that everyone wears a black veil, meaning that everyone commits secret sins without revealing them to anyone. If you do not express your secret sin you would be keeping stress and tension locked up inside you, but if you express it, the stress and tension will be relieved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason behind the veil might be sorrow. Deep, dark sorrow for someone or yourself might be expressed and shown with the help of a black veil. By wearing the black veil for eternity, you are exhibiting great love and sorrow for someone or yourself. If the black veil was removed, the sorrow and love would be dead. This might be how Reverend Hooper expresses the veil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Father Hooper might have also used the veil as a friend and a device to test Elizabeth’s love for him. The black veil might have given Mr. Hooper friendship if he was lonely and without a mate. He could test Elizabeth to see if an object would come between them and their love. The Reverend told her if she was his, the black veil would then be removed.

Is it valid to make distinctions between ‘high’ and’ low’ or ‘popular art? Essay

What purposes do these categories serve? At one time most people would have understood , when looking at apiece of art, whether to fit it into the category of high or low art. You looked at such things as the quality of the brushwork, the exactness of the representation. Then paint in tubes was invented the mid 19th century and the Impressionists were in the vanguard of almost instant art. They were rejected at first of course, but now seem to be highly acceptable when one considers the prices that might be paid for works by Renoir or Degas – however blurry the outlines. Is abstract art high art? It is a newer form of course and many are still making up their minds about such artists as Jackson Pollack. And where do you fit the works of modern artists such as Tracy Emin. Few would consider graffiti as art, but cities such as Philadelphia are legitimising the work of graffiti artists by spending public money to promote it. Emin’s unmade bed won the Turner prize. Whatever else it did it certainly did what the artist intended – it shocked. Contemporary art such as this draws huge crowds Perhaps the distinction should rather be between good and bad art, good being art that clearly displays whatever it was the artist intended and the bad that which does not. This division would not depend upon techniques used or the insurance value of a piece, but whether it achieves what it was meant to achieve i. e. whether or no the viewer sees what they were intended to see. Art will always provoke reaction. To judge it on grounds of being either ’high’ or low’ smacks somewhat of elitism – an attitude of ‘What we like is better than what you like’. Meanwhile many would just say ‘I know what I like ’ whether that be Gainsborough or Andy Warhol. Electronic Sources Art and the power to shock, Northern Echo, 25th February 2004 http://archive. thisisthenortheast. co. uk/2004/2/25/60621. html retrieved 28th October 2007 Philadelphia Mural Arts Program found at http://www. muralarts. org/about/ retrieved 28th October 2007/.

Bis Case Study

Chapter 8 / Enterprise Business Systems ? 259 REAL WORLD CASE 2 Agilent Technologies and Russ Berrie: Challenges of Implementing ERP Systems Co. (www. russberrie. com) was taking another crack at replacing its legacy business systems. The Oakland, New Jersey–based distributor of toys and gifts ? nalized plans to roll out J. D. Edwards & Co. ’s OneWorld Xe suite of enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management, and ? nancial applications. The multimillion-dollar project was scheduled to be done in phases over the next 18 months.Russ Berrie CIO Michael Saunders said that the company, which had sales of $225 million during the ? rst nine months of 2001, hoped the OneWorld System would help it reach $1 billion in annual revenue in the coming years. Within the next 12 months, he said, Russ Berrie planned to begin installing the applications one department at a time, starting with a stand-alone implementation in purchasing. â€Å"We’re not going big bang,† Saunders said. â€Å"We’re mitigating implementation risks by taking a phased-in approach. The company had reason to be cautious. Three years before, a Y2K-related migration from its homegrown distribution, ? nancial, and customer service systems to packaged ERP applications experienced major system failures. Saunders said the problems were severe enough for Russ Berrie to take many of the new applications off-line and return to their old systems. Saunders wouldn’t identify the software vendors that were involved in the failed implementation, but sources said that SAP AG’s applications were part of the 1999 project.A spokesman at SAP con? rmed that Russ Berrie was one of its customers, but he declined to offer further details because of pending litigation between the two companies. Joshua Greenbaum of Enterprise Applications Consulting said it appeared that Russ Berrie â€Å"bit off more than they could chew† on the 1999 project. Compan ywide rollouts are especially risky for midsize businesses like Russ Berrie, Greenbaum said. T he good news is that Agilent Technologies Inc. (www. agilent. com) says its enterprise resource planning applications are stable.The bad news is they got that way only after a rocky ERP migration project that cost the company $105 million in revenue and $70 million in pro? ts. In mid-August 2002, the multinational communications and life sciences company, formerly a part of HewlettPackard Co. , said problems with the ERP components in Oracle’s e-Business Suite 11e software froze production for the equivalent of a week, leading to the massive losses. The Oracle system handles about half of the company’s worldwide production of test, measurement, and monitoring products and almost all of its ? ancial operations, as well as functions such as order handling and shipping. Agilent was in the process of migrating as many as 2,200 legacy applications that it inherited from HP to Orac le. As part of the switchover, approximately 6,000 orders in the internally developed legacy systems had to be converted to an Oracle-friendly format, an Agilent spokeswoman said from company headquarters in Palo Alto, California. She said the con? guration process had problems requiring correction.In a statement last week, Agilent President and CEO Ned Barnholt said the disruptions to the business after implementing the ERP system were â€Å"more extensive than we expected. † An Agilent spokeswoman said the issue wasn’t the quality of the Oracle application, but rather the â€Å"very complex nature of the enterprise resource planning implementation. † For its part, Oracle Corp. said it’s working closely with Agilent. â€Å"At Oracle, we are fully committed to all of our customers for the long haul and support them in any way necessary,† the company said in a statement. We have a strong relationship with Agilent, and both companies believe the impl ementation is stable. † Agilent also had a takeaway lesson: â€Å"Enterprise resource planning implementations are a lot more than software packages,† the company said in a statement. â€Å"They are a fundamental transformation of a company’s business processes. People, processes, policies, the company’s culture are all factors that should be taken into consideration when implementing a major enterprise system. † According to one analyst, ERP disasters are often caused by the user company itself.Joshua Greenbaum, an analyst at Enterprise Applications Consulting, said 99 percent of such rollout ? ascoes are caused by â€Å"management’s inability to spec out their own requirements and the implementer’s inability to implement those specs. † Russ Berrie and Co. After a three-year saga that included a $10. 3 million ? nancial hit from the failed installation of packaged applications, teddy bear maker Russ Berrie and Case Study Questi ons 1. What are the main reasons companies experience failures in implementing ERP systems? 2.What are several key things companies should do to avoid ERP systems failures? Explain the reasons for your proposals. 3. Why do you think ERP systems in particular are often cited as examples of failures in IT systems development, implementation, or management? Source: Adapted from Marc Songini, â€Å"ERP Effort Sinks Agilent Revenue,† Computerworld, August 26, 2002, pp. 1, 12; and Marc Songini, â€Å"Teddy Bear Maker Prepares for Second Attempt at ERP Rollout,† Computerworld, February 4, 2002, p. 16. Reprinted with permission from Computerworld.

case study of G5 doll essays

case study of G5 doll essays Jenny Baker is the owner of G5 dolls, which are produce by the Get Set Club Company in Philadelphia. Before she ran this business, she borrowed $120,000 from her mother a further $250,000 from the bank. After the bank approved the loan in January 1999, she contacted the Hong Kong manufacturer to produce the G5 collection. So she could display her products at the American International Toy Fair in February 1999. G5 collection is female dolls similar to Barbie dolls that belong to the Mattel Company. The G5 range of dolls was designed in 1997 to have a realistic body style and facial feature based on real people. They are divided into 5 characteristics : an African-American, an Asia-American, a Latin-American, a blonde, and a redhead. They were also typical of several trends in the doll business : more ethnic dolls, natural-looking bodies, and casual teenager wardrobes. The advantage of G5 dolls is that their arms and legs are flexible while the strong competitor- Barbie dolls have limited movement only. Before Ms Baker launched the G5 doll collection on the market, she produce the product Happy to Be Me. But it was not successful because the Mattel Company, Barbie dolls, had such a strong hold on the toy distribution companies. Besides, Happy to Be Me were not so attractive. Thus, Ms Baker was now trying very hard to avoid another failure. Her target was to produce a range of dolls to be very attractive with natural proportions that would appeal to both parents and children. Baker had an idea to develop her product G5 dolls by interviewing her target groups, mostly, mothers and daughters. These groups suggested that G5 dolls legs were too short for a doll although the G5 doll was actually proportional to the average bodies of real people. Ms Baker followed the indication of her target group by elongation their legs. As a result of this, her target groups were accepted the modification and were th...

Behavior and personality development Essay Example for Free

Behavior and personality development Essay A person’s behavior and attitude at any point of time is the resultant effect of all factors acting on the individual. The factors, each contribute in its own way and at varying levels, having a positive effect, a negative effect, a soothening effect or even a precipitating effect. The individual then reacts as a consequence of all combined effects. There are several parameters involved in the development of behavioral patterns including cognitive-social, biological, emotions, gender, person-situation, culture, ethnicity etc. These factors effect differently, for each individual since the level of perception and understanding is varied. It should be noted here that there may be several other factors too that influence behavior patterns, that have not yet been recognized. The cognition-social perception of an individual plays an important role in the building up of the individual’s personality. Although there is a debate of whether cognition gives rise to emotions or emotions give rise to cognition, the resultant reaction has wide social perceptions. The term ‘cognition’ in emotion elicitation includes all simple sensory information processing to very complex processing. The emotion – cognition – interaction is the study on the integrative aspects of research in emotion, cognition and the interaction between the two. The complex association between emotion and cognition is analyzed using knowledge and methods from the separate fields of research. Emotions are not always associated with facial expressions. Face recognition and object recognition are performed through different functions by different areas within the brain. Several disorders like alexia, prosopagnosia and visual agnosia develop when recognition process is impaired. Social cognition attempts to relate personal-social development with intellectual development. The process of cognitive development occurs through four universal stages of infancy; toddler and early childhood; elementary and early adolescence; and, adolescence and adulthood. The development in each stage is associated with an increased level of thinking. Cognition is an important aspect of behavior development. An individual perceives a situation based on his cognitive inputs and responds appropriately. Thus feelings of sadness, happiness, anger, guilt etc. , are produced as a result of cognition. As for me, I don’t tolerate anyone talking to me in a high pitch or commanding tone. In such cases, I deliberately don’t cooperate, even if the speaker wants to help or oblige me. Gender too plays an important role in social developments. Women have been traditionally expected to perform their domestic family roles as obedient wives and daughters. They were mainly more perceived to be sexual objects in a male dominated society, with primary interests in homemaking and caring, till the end of the century. This indifference in sociology can be mainly attributed to men’s identity as the dominant social player associated with force of character while women are associated with their weaknesses and passive role. The relationship between crime and gender has been immense throughout the long period of offence observation. Men and women have differing offence rates and offence patterns, both as offenders and as victims. The opportunities and capabilities of men and women for crime are different, which is reflected in their crime pattern. The sex of offenders has always been recorded throughout the history of criminal record keeping. Lady police officers and corrections officers are also needed to tune in, to fit into the gendered criminal justice system, although their lives are very different from that of women offenders or victims. Women were allowed to take up positions of police patrol officers and corrections officers only in the 1970s. This too was achieved through several legislative changes and civil rights movements. While positions have been opened for women in the male dominated fields like policing and corrections, women are faced with challenges as to what are appropriate or not appropriate women activities, given their traditional attitude on such activities. The social role of women had been had been largely restricted, although the situation has changed considerably. However gender based perception, attitude and reaction to situations persist. I am particularly careful in my dealings with women, because I find it difficult to convince them compared to men, although they don’t argue or threaten like men. It has been established by biocriminology that heredity and body organ dysfunctions can induce an inclination in social interaction. Modern researches indicate that chromosomal abnormalities, hormonal and brain chemical imbalances, diet, drugs and alcohol are factors that contribute to aggressive and criminal behavior. The hormone ‘testosterone’ in men has been identified as the main cause of aggression and crime committed by most men. Several case studies indicate that certain foods or food constituents induce neuropsychological disorders in the form of allergic or pharmacologic reactions which may even lead to chemical imbalances in the brain, resulting in behavioral disorders. Adoption and twin studies too indicate that genetic influences play a major role in development of criminal behavior. Molecular genetic investigations and epidemiological studies suggest that criminal activity may be genetically linked to mental abnormality. Prenatal disturbances or altered normal fetal development due to maternal smoking in pregnancy period is linked to violent offsprings. Reading deficits are sometimes developed in impulsive aggressive people, which could be attributed to their early school experiences. Here, impulsive and aggressive acts are caused due to inability in discriminating visual information during social situations. Biology is an important determinant of behavior and social response. Although I don’t perceive any behavior type as due to any specific food pattern, I do believe that group behavior or specific instincts of groups has to do with their biological response. Cultural differences and its influence on behavior have been extensively studied by behavioral scientists mainly during the 1940s and the 1960s. Cross-cultural psychology is very important in understanding the psychological framework of inter personal behavior. Interpersonal behavior is a vital aspect of human daily activity and is greatly influenced by culture. In recent times, this relationship between culture and individual behavior is more explored through empirical studies rather than historical or philosophical enquiries. Findings of such studies indicate that culture moulds and defines individual attitude as much as it determines our values, our ways of thinking and our social relationships. Culture is in fact a major criteria in the determination of human behavior. Culture together with the physical environment represent one of the two important external factors that mould human behavior. These factors in combination with internal influential factors of biological and psychological aspects constitute the main determinants of human behavior. Culture is inhibited by both internal and external representations. External representation of culture is seen in institutions of education, politics, religion and economy while it is internally represented through values, worldviews, beliefs etc. All these forces act simultaneously on an individual at any given point of time. Perhaps most of the conflict and confrontation in today’s world may be attributed to cultural differences. Clash of cultures and adherence to rigid cultural beliefs, keeps up tension between communities. A mutual respect and understanding of each others culture and values is essential for the upliftment of any society. I find it difficult to live a normal life where cultural tolerance is not practiced. I personally feel that culture intolerance is a sign of undeveloped cultures. The individual at any point of time is also subject to a given situation. It is this simultaneous interaction of the person and the situation, which ultimately derives the behavior. Therefore, behavior can be described as a person-situation interaction, which is under continuous adjustment. Normal or abnormal behavior is a continuous response to the person-situation forces. The attitude and behavior of mankind is influenced by several factors, which cannot be predicted or explained using any particular theory. These include cognition, biological, behaviorist, cognitive-social, existential-humanistic, person-situation, and gender, cultural and ethnicity. It must also be understood that similar factors cannot influence everyone to the same level. A combination of several such factors may perhaps explain a particular behavior pattern. Although the role of the parameters in the development of the behavior pattern is known, we cannot conclude that all factors contributing to the same have been identified, nor the level of contribution of each factor. Newer research needs to be done on the subject, to determine further influences, given the fact that technology and lifestyle are constantly evolving. Behavior and personality development. (2016, Oct 31). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

The change in the Democratic coalition from Pre-Reconstruction to the Research Paper

The change in the Democratic coalition from Pre-Reconstruction to the New Deal coalition - Research Paper Example The liberal and populist ideologies that characterize the current Democratic Party policies began under Andrew Jackson. In order to win the support of the white property owners, Spencer (311), notes that Jackson stood on the policy of taking over the ownership of the lands under ownership of the native Indians, using any means necessary, including extermination and forced displacement. This manifesto earned unprecedented support from the less wealthy white settlers and land speculators, because it reduced the cost of buying land (Spencer, 312) Other policies that Jackson advocated in his quest for presidency included the extension of slave trade and servitude, which ensured that property and landowners continued reaping profits from their investments by using free labor offered mainly by black slaves (Spencer, 301). In addition, Jackson promised the voters an expanded monetary policy that would enable white settlers access credit facilities to buy land obtained from displaced native Indians. Access to credit facilities enabled white owners to embark on commercial plantations, where slaves provided cheap labor. These policies raised the popularity of the pioneer democrat especially among the white farmers who ventured in profitable farming of tobacco, sugarcane, cotton and other lucrative crops for sale. These policies propelled him to an easy presidential victory in 1828(Spencer, 318). In this respect, the foundation of Democratic Party and its subsequent win in 1828 election was a triumph of democracy over elitism if the issues of slavery, massacre and mass displacement of native communities are not considered. According to Aldrich (37), Jackson presidency successfully ended a long reign of presidents from exclusively... From this research it is clear that the issue of abolitionist movement and subsequent civil war are some one of the most defining moments of the then newly formed Republican Party and the already established democrats. The large acquisition of land from native people under democratic leadership resulted to creation of more territories for the United States especially on the western frontier. This created a dilemma on whether the newly created states would adopt slavery or remain free from servitude. Prior to the civil war, northern states had abolished slavery in the early 19th century. This was due to rapid growth of industries and mercantile enterprises in the north that were less labor intensive. However most southern states were mainly agricultural oriented and this created a huge demand for slaves to work in the plantations. Therefore, the abolitionist movement started in the northern states but the southern states, the foundation of Democratic Party support were determined to r etain slavery to support their main economic activity of farming. The Republican Party was dominant in the northern states and it managed to convince most of the voters the evils of slavery and the need to abolish it, in favor of humane economic activities, such as trade. This antagonism between the northern and southern states created conflict and the latter threatened to secede from the United States. Kansas, a newly created state from displaced Indian tribes provided an opportunity for determining whether the newly acquired territories would be free or in support of slavery.

Critically consider Judith Butlers work on performativity Essay

Critically consider Judith Butlers work on performativity - Essay Example Butlers several statements show the social and cultural pressures that lead to performativity in gender, there is a lack of definition with subjectivity, individual identity and outside gender theories. Her several works show the levels that relate to the performance as gender; however, there are also several debates over the identification of individuals that may be outside of the performativity that Butler suggests. The first set of concepts that are approached with Butler’s theories of performativity is to define what this means and which actions it constitutes when one is performing the idea of gender. The basis of this theory is to show that gender is not one that is recognized as an internal and natural means, but is instead a performance that one carries out. This requires specific attributes for one to become a gender and to perform the identity of gender. Butler notes that this is not something that is self – constituted and requires external means to influence the idea of gender identity. It is also noted that performativity and gender is not a performance that is only taken into consideration at certain points. Butler points out that this would limit the identity of gender as it is seen by others. Instead, this concept is one that is practiced by an individual repeating specific acts and continuing to accept them as a part of their identity. This turns into the identity a nd condition of the subject as it is practiced and continuously repeated. â€Å"This iterability implies that performance is not a singular act or event, but a ritualized production, a ritual reiterated under and through constraint, under and through force of prohibition and taboo, with the threat of ostracism and even death controlling and compelling the shape of the production† (Butler, 95, 1993). The idea of performativity for gender identity is then one that begins with a basic act that continues to be repeated. As this occurs, it becomes a taboo in society until it

The Internet and its business capabilities Essay

The Internet and its business capabilities - Essay Example As more individuals owned their own personal computers, the demand for internet access increased, which started off with simple uses such as email, typing and storing digital information (Veeramani 2000). As with all technology, internet technology began to develop at a rapid pace to accommodate concerns over speed and safety which resulted in the development of web browsers and the use of the internet for e-commerce in the 1990s (Veeramani 2000). This signalled the beginning of a new era for businesses as the new opportunities presented by the internet's e-commerce and e-business capabilities promised significant cost savings, new distribution channels and new markets. E-commerce has enabled businesses to conduct transactions over the internet as it enables instant communication and interaction, as well as providing real time access to information, products and services (Veeramani 2000, Pratt 2002). This has meant that the notion and concept of opening hours, location and customer services have been transformed. E-commerce also provides economic benefits by reducing the cost of searching and the cost of transmitting information which has led to efficiencies in transaction costs and the consolidation of supply and demand (SBA 2004). Consumers would also be provided with better information about price, quality and terms of trade. E-commerce would also expand markets and competition which would lead to lower prices and increased quality (SBA 2004). As a result of the opportunities presented by e-commerce and the technology available in this area, small businesses have been quick to capitalise on this and set up their internet presence. This was significant for small and medium sized businesses as they could compete with the larger organisation without having to invest in expensive infrastructure like building and costly marketing campaigns. Small and medium sized businesses were able to identify market niches and improve their customer search process in response to this (Pratt 2002). Printing technology is undergoing rapid advances as photochemical processes are being superseded by digital reproduction (Pratt 2002, SBA 2004), which is environmentally friendly and more cost effective in the long run, as it will eliminate need for procurement. However this new technology has got to be complimented with personnel trained in information technology as customers are now after total business solutions which include after care, image management and communication needs (Pratt 2002, SBA

Molecular Modelling: Explained

Molecular Modelling: Explained Molecular modelling is one of the fastest growing fields in science, but what is it and what does it mean? â€Å"Molecular modelling encompasses all theoretical methods and computational techniques used to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules. The techniques are used in the fields of computational chemistry, drug design, computational biology and materials science for studying molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems to large biological molecules and material assemblies. The simplest calculations can be performed by hand, but inevitably computers are required to perform molecular modelling of any reasonably sized system. The common feature of molecular modelling techniques is the atomistic level description of the molecular systems. This may include treating atoms as the smallest individual unit (the molecular mechanics approach), or explicitly modelling electrons of each atom (the quantum chemistry approach).†[1] As stated, molecular modelling is a way to notice the interaction of a molecule with a molecular system. The best way currently to carry out this process is through computer modelling, but it is still plausible to perform the simplest of studies through the use of molecular mechanics or through the use of a notepad, pen and calculator. However the main concern is that most of the time it may be necessary to carry out molecular modelling through computer modelling as it can be very difficult to work out some of the calculations by hand, whereas the computer can accomplish this for us. So what is it? Furthermore to this all, molecular modelling is an expanding topic with more and more developments occurring within the field as the days go on. New scientific papers and methods are being posted as well as an increased amount of journals being published. From this we can see that it’s a topic with a huge variety knowledge and background. This is justified alone from how many issues there are with the problems where molecular modelling can be applied and the abundance of methods that can be used. The journals and papers written about molecular modelling also go into detail of theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry. As a result of this, it is very hard to keep up with molecular modelling techniques and theories due to the fact that there is an increased knowledge of the field as each day goes on. Thanks to the role of the internet, scientists are able to access more journals and papers to find articles on the relevant field they are interested in studying. This in tu rn also means that there are articles directed for all readers to understand, whether you know nothing at all to someone who is a researcher in the field of theoretical chemistry. The brilliance of this all is that there are documents of research, which keep up to date with only the recent developments, so it’s a quick fix for some scientists to see what they’ve missed out.[2] Molecular modelling is alternatively know as molecular mechanics. The basis of the method is to work out the structure and calculate the energy of molecules from their nuclear motion. The idea of how molecular modelling works is assumed on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation of the Schrà ¶dinger equation. This meaning that the approximation states that nuclei, due to their mass being greater than electrons, move more slowly. As a result we can identify the nuclear motion of nuclei separately to that of electrons and therefore the rotations and vibrations can be studied alone assuming that electrons move fast enough to adjust to any movement of its nuclei. Through the use of force fields, we can calculate the energy and geometry of a molecule. This creates the measure for molecular modelling. A force field is a collection of atom types, parameters and equations. By looking into further examples, we can show how molecular modelling is used. Looking into the idea of force fields, we can see that certain atoms have several atom types. We can look at compounds like ethylbenzene, which contains hybridised carbon atoms and aromatic carbon atoms. Through this, we can further explain it to show the parameters of force fields in different bonds as ethylbenzene has different C-C bonds, which are present in the ethyl group and phenyl ring. The total energy of a molecule is separated into different parts named force potentials. These are calculated separately and then added together to give the total energy present within a molecule. These force potentials are what are associated with the equations for the energies with bond stretching, bond bending, torsional strain and van der Waals interactions. E(total) = E(stretch) + E(bend) + E(s-b) + E(torsion) + E(vdW) + E(dp-dp) Energy due to Bond Stretching If a bond within a compound is stretched or compressed, the energy of the bond increases. The form of calculation for the potential energy for a bond stretching and compressing is a similar calculation to that of Hooke’s law for a spring, except a cubic term is included. As a result of the cubic term, it helps to keep the energy from rising too sharply when the bond is stretched. Energy due to Bond Angle Bending When bonds are bent away from the standard degree, the energy increases. However, there are some exceptions for the calculations of this energy, as cyclic compounds provide special atom types and parameters, which are used in the force field. Energy due to Stretch-Bend Interactions Bonds will stretch to release tension when two bonds have their angle reduced. Through the use of cross term potential functions, we can take into account the terms of bond stretching and bond bending together. Energy due to Torsional Strain intramolecular rotations require energy. The torsional potential is a Fourier series that accounts for all one to four through-bond relationships. Energy due to van der Waals Interactions The van der Waals radius of an atom gives its effective size. As two non-bonded atoms are brought together, the attraction increases causing a decrease in energy. If the distance between the two non-bonded atoms equals the sum of the can der Waals radii the attraction is at a maximum. The closer the atoms are brought together, the greater the energy and the greater the van der Waals repulsion. Energy due to Dipole-Dipole Interactions The calculation for dipole-dipole interactions is similar to that of Coulomb’s law. We can calculate it by considering all the interactions in a molecule. If there is a net charge present in the molecule, calculations must be carried out for charge-charge and charge-dipole.[3] To put this all into layman terms, molecular modelling varies from the construction and imaging of simple molecules to creating computer simulations on large protein molecules. Through the use of advanced computer software, we can visualise, rotate, optimise and manipulate molecular models. Some calculations can take up to a few seconds but there are models where it would take months to produce results.[4] What is it used for? Molecular modelling allows us to create a greater visual aspect to show the shapes of molecules and show how they interact. It is used vastly in certain fields, such as, Biology. An example of this would be through enzymes. Their substrates, receptors and their signalling. As of this we can see how useful and how certain molecules interact with one another forming complex molecules where we can then evaluate how strong the binding affinity is and how it would visually be seen. The biological activity of a drug molecule is supposed to depend on just one unique shape amongst all low energy structures. Through the use of molecular modelling, we can search and target these bioactive conformations. Molecular modelling allows us to identify the atomic and molecular interactions that control the behaviour of a physical system. The molecular interactions that would be identified would be those mentioned above to work out the energy of the force potentials. One of the first approaches to calculating molecule-molecule binding free energy differences was through the use of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) [Cramer et al., 1988], which allowed us to understand and interpret the active sites of enzymes without a crystal structure being present. Molecular mechanics allows us to find the best viable solution in which we can model large and non-symmetrical chemical systems. This can be for molecules such as proteins and polymers. Through the use of the classical laws of physics, molecular mechanics allows us to predict the chemical properties of molecules. The issue with this is that we cannot calculate or deal with bond breakage or formation where the treatment of electrons dominate the effects. We tend to turn to molecular mechanics for comparative results rather than absolute quantities. For example, a force field is an empirical approximation for structure-energy relationships in molecules, which allows us to show a comparison between speed and accuracy. We can produce a better, or even, a more realistic geometry value for the vast majority of organic molecules, due to the fact they are highly parameterised thanks to molecular mechanics. Molecular dynamics is highly dependent on Newtonian mechanics. this is a conformation space search where atoms are given an initial velocity and are then allowed to evolve in the time. [van Gunsteren Berendsen, 1977]. The issue with molecular dynamics is that we have to use minimisation schemes, but if we take a look at the effects of temperature, some molecules can overcome the potential energy at the surface. Through the use of simulated annealing, we can control these issues at present [Kirkpatrick et al, 1983, Cerny, 1985]. This allows us to use molecular dynamic calculation in which the system temperature is raised to a large value to allow a spread of exploration of the available conformational space. With an increase in dynamics, the system temperature would be decreased. The last phase would be to use minimisation to select a minimum energy molecular conformation.[5] Molecular Modelling Challenges There are numerous challenges that pose in the way of molecular modelling. They range from the lack of knowledge about certain species of molecules to the free energy calculations that are taken place. There has been vast development in knowledge within areas such as in gene databases. The issue is, there is a lack of information in the laws of protein folding for example. There is only so much we know about sequence information but with the little intelligence we have about protein folding, it restricts the inference of structure from sequence. A novel approach scans a pathological vector victimisation the tools of molecular biology; of the various relevant proteins made, a couple of are often isolated, crystallised, and structurally elucidated. The structures of traditional and pathological molecules are often compared and compounds designed to inhibit pathogenic enzymes or receptors by selection. distinguishing the targets is that the initial downside we tend to encounter. So with the structure of even one target protein, and therefore the information of function of its receptor or active site, its currently doable to use computer tools to make and dock a ligand or inhibitor before investing time and resources for synthesis and testing. Conversely, large-scale screening might detect â€Å"new leads† that then should be modelled so as to explore later synthetic analogs. In either case, molecular modelling is crucial for understanding and exploring the structure-function relationship. attractive and repulsive forces are often summed and therefore the work quantified. Ideally, one seeks a correlative listing of experimental and computational values to offer assurance that novel compounds are often evaluated before being synthesised. However, there still are exceptions and sudden surprises (Meyer et al., 1995) that has to temper the passion of the molecular modeller. Based on Fischer’s â€Å"lock and key† simile, the mechanical view of molecular interactions are often understood and applied to biomolecules. However, even â€Å"rigid† molecules have local flexibility and fluxional water molecules are typically a structural appendage of each the â€Å"lock† and therefore the â€Å"key,† which implies the in vivo structure might disagree considerably from that on the display screen. Therefore, modelling code must have a choice to simulate the presence of pervasive water molecules. Molecular mechanics calculations will solely seek the local energy minimum, however are unable to climb the pass into the next energy level. Molecular dynamics simulations are a strong tool for inclusion of the fluxional nature of biomolecules and in best circumstances, will explore the energetic landscape in search of the energy minimum. Atomic parameters are approximate and based on a generic, classical atom, whereas these parameters change modify in a fluxional structure, thus quantum molecular dynamics is required. This field has however to mature, and necessary computational resources greatly exceed today’s supercomputers, to not mention the PC. Again, however does one treat water rigorously (dielectric constant, ionisation state, fluxional H-bond- ing; bulk vs. microscopic quantities)? Challenge #3 could be a rigorous computational simulation of a biochemical reaction in an exceedingly in a accessible to the synthetic chemist, as mentioned by professor Ursula Roethlisber ger (ETH Zentrum, Zà ¼rich, Switzerland) at this symposium.[6] Another big issue is the topi that there is extreme difficulty in calculation free energies by computer. Free energy is often considered to be the most important value when looking into thermodynamics. It can be expressed in two ways, Helmholtz function or Gibbs function. Both work similarly in the sense that they both work with only a constant number of particles and a constant temperature, but Gibbs free energy works with also a constant pressure (NPT) and Helmholtz works with a constant volume (NVT). Most experiments that are carried out, it is best suited to use the Gibbs function as most conditions are kept under constant temperature and pressure. The issue with all of this, is that free energy calculations are difficult to carry out then working with liquids or flexible macromolecules as they have far too many minimum energy configurations separated by low-energy barriers. Other calculations that are difficult to carry out are those such as entropy and chemical potentials. Through the use of the Monte Carlo simulation or ‘standard’ molecular dynamics, it is still very difficult to calculate free energy because said simulations do not sufficiently sample the regions of phase space, which contribute greatly to free energy. The two simulations, molecular dynamics sampling and Monte Carlo, are used to find the lower-energy reasons of phase space. as a result, the sampling data will not show reflection of the high-energy regions, so calculating free energy through simulation tends to give inaccurate values. Another problem is the calculation of free energy differences of two states. We can approach these issues mentioning the simulations above. Three methods have been proposed; thermodynamic perturbation, thermodynamic integration and slow growth. From these we can calculate the free energy differences. New methods for calculating free energy changes can be worked out with errors no more than 1 kcal / mol in certain cases. Through the use of the two different simulations, one of the initial system and one of the final system. The energies calculated from the two systems are large numbers, with a great error. The difference would be comparable in magnitude to the error in the energy of each system. We determine what the free energy is in terms of interactions involving the solute, which in turn allows us to give a more accurate reading in energy calculations. The two energy systems calculated, are large numbers with a great deal of error, but from this we can take the enthalpy difference and error difference then compare them in magnitude. From this, free energy is calculated based on the interactions involving the solute, therefore we can calculate free energy much more accurately. When looking at the major sources of error with free energy calculations in computer simulations, they can result from inaccuracies in potential model choice or its implementation. Our other source of error comes from the phase space, by collection insufficient sampling. The main issue is the fact that we cannot find a method that guarantees adequate coverage of phase space, meaning it is hard to calculate free energy values. We can identify the inadequate sampling through two methods, we can run the simulation for an increased duration, so using the molecular dynamics simulation, or for an increased amount of repetitions, so the Monte Carlo simulation. We can perform this in both the forward and reverse directions, so a different scheme can be use to calculate the free energy difference. Most of the time, the simulation is run in both directions, and from this, we can calculate the lower-bound estimate of the error in calculation from the different in free energy values. One thing we have to be cautious of is the fact that we need to be careful when carrying out these simulations, because when we cary out more than necessary amounts of simulation over a short simulation, estimating errors is a lot more difficult because the results give a near zero difference between the forward and reverse directions. If the time of simulation exceeds that of the relaxation time of the system, then it is possible to carry it out reversibly. However, if the time of simulation is that of the same order of magnitude as the relaxation time then approximately zero hysteresis may result. This would be due to the incapability of the system to adjust to the changes. Within this, free energies in both directions could appear to be the same and as a result, quite likely to be wrong.[7] [1] Molecular modelling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Molecular modelling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_modelling. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [2] Leach, Andrew R., 2001. Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications. 2nd ed. London: Harlow : Prentice Hall. [3] Introduction to Molecular Modeling. 2014. Introduction to Molecular Modeling. [ONLINE] Available at: http://chemistry.gsu.edu/Glactone/modeling/MMintro.html. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [4] What is Molecular Modeling?. 2014. What is Molecular Modeling?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.worldofmolecules.com/txtbk2/topic1.htm. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [5] Using Molecular Modelling to Study Interactions Between Molecules with Biological Activity | InTechOpen. 2014. Using Molecular Modelling to Study Interactions Between Molecules with Biological Activity | InTechOpen. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/bioinformatics/using-molecular-modelling-to-study-interactions-between-molecules-with-biological-activity. [Accessed 22 March 2014]. [6] Edgar F. Meyer, Stanley M. Swanson, Jocylin A. Williams, 2000. Molecular Modelling and Drug Design. Pharmacology Therapeutics, [Online]. 85, 113–121. [7] Leach, Andrew R., 2001. Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications. 2nd ed. London: Harlow : Prentice Hall.